SUBTOPIC 1 - Power Electronics

POWER CONTROL DEVICES AND
POWER ELECTRONIC DEVICES

Subtopic 1
Power Electronics
INTENDED LEARNING
OUTCOMES
At the end of this discussion the students will be able to:

➢ Recognized the different electronic devices used for motors.
➢ Identify the purpose of different electronic devices used for motors.
Power Electronics is the application of solid-state electronics to the control
and conversion of electric power.
Power electronic converters provide the necessary adaptation functions to
integrate all different microgrid components into a common system.
Sample Power
Electronic Interfaces:
Power Electronic Interfaces may be integrated with:
1. Component with different characteristics:
• dc or ac architecture.
• Sources, loads, and energy storage devices output.
2. Control issues:
• Stabilization
3. Operational issues:
• Optimization based on some goal
▪ Efficiency (e.g. MPPT)
▪ Flexibility
▪ Reliability
• Safety
4. Other issues:
• Interaction with other systems (e.g. the main grid)
Power Electronics Basics: Power Electronics Basics:
I. Types of interfaces: II. Power electronic converters components:
• dc-dc: dc-dc converter • Semiconductor Switches
• ac-dc: rectifier ▪ Diodes
• dc-ac: inverter ▪ MOSFETs
• ac-ac: cycloconverter ▪ IGBTs
(used less often) ▪ SCRs
• Energy Storage Elements
▪ Capacitors
▪ Inductors
• Other Elements
▪ Transformer
▪ Control Circuit
Classifications of Power Electronics:
1. DC-DC converters (DC Choppers)
2. AC-DC converters (Controlled Rectifiers)
3. DC-AC converters (Inverters)
4. AC-AC converters (AC Voltage Controllers)
I. DC-DC Converters (DC Choppers)
• DC-DC converter (chopper) is used to convert constant DC voltage into
variable DC voltage.
• In DC-DC conversion circuits, thyristors are used as switching elements.
Here, thyristors must be turned off using forced commutation as they lack
facility of natural commutation that is available in AC circuits.
• Buck chopper produces output that is less than or equal to input
voltage.
• Boost chopper provides an output voltage that is greater than or equal
to input voltage.
• Typical application of DC choppers is DC motor speed control.
Principles of Basic DC Choppers
• Switch is turned on and off periodically. In this way constant voltage can be
connected to and disconnected from the load.
• By a periodic application of constant voltage at a particular frequency across the
load, variable voltage can be achieved by controlling the on period of the switch.
• Instantaneous voltage across load is either zero (S off) or Vi (S on).
• Average (DC) output voltage over a cycle is:
𝑇𝑜𝑛 𝑇𝑜𝑛
𝑉𝑜 = 𝑉𝑖 𝑉𝑜 = 𝑉𝑖
𝑇𝑜𝑛+𝑇𝑜𝑓𝑓 𝑇
𝑉𝑜 = 𝑑 𝑉𝑖
Where: d – duty cycle, T – period, Vo – output voltage,
Vi – input voltage, Ton – turn-on time, Toff – turn-off time
Principles of Basic DC Choppers
• Output voltage varies linearly with duty cycle.
• It is possible to control output voltage from zero to
Vi as duty cycle varies from zero to 1.
Methods for varying Average Output Voltage

A.Pulse-Width Modulation
Pulse width TON is varied while
overall switching period is kept
constant.
B.Pulse-Frequency Modulation
Pulse width TON is kept constant
while the period (frequency) is
varied.
A. Pulse-Width B. Pulse-Frequency
Modulation Modulation
II. AC-DC Converters (Controlled Rectifiers)
• Diodes of rectifier circuits are replaced by thyristors.
• In thyristor based rectifiers, output voltage can be controlled. So they are
termed as controlled rectifiers.
• Controlled rectifiers produce variable DC output, whose magnitude is varied by
Phase control.
Phase Control
• DC output from rectifier is controlled by controlling duration of the conduction
period by varying the point at which gate signal is applied to SCR.
• Main drawback of phase control is Radio Frequency Interference (RFI)
Note: Electromagnetic interference (EMI), also called radio-frequency interference (RFI) when in the radio
frequency spectrum, is a disturbance generated by an external source that affects an electrical circuit by
electromagnetic induction, electrostatic coupling, or conduction.
Two types of Controlled Rectifiers:
I. Half controlled rectifiers
• Half of SCRs are replaced by diodes.
• DC output current and voltage are unidirectional. i.e., flow of power is from AC
II. Fully Controlled rectifiers
• DC current is unidirectional, but DC voltage has either polarity. With one
polarity, flow of power is from AC source to DC load---Rectification.
• With the reversal of DC voltage by the load, flow of power is from DC load to
AC source---Inversion.
Half controlled rectifiers
Control characteristics of half-wave
a. With Resistive Load
rectifier:
b. With Inductive (RL) Load
rectifier:
c. With Inductive Load and
rectifier:
Freewheeling Diode
C
e
n
t Control characteristics of center-tap
a. With Resistive Load
e rectifier:
r
-
T
a
p
R
e
c
t
i
f
i
e
e
n
t
e Control characteristics of center-tap
b. With Inductive (RL) Load
r rectifier:
-
T
a
p
R
e
c
t
i
f
i
e
r
Other notes for Controlled Rectifiers:
Full-Wave Controlled Bridge Rectifier

In fully-controlled rectifier, only rectification can be obtained by connecting a freewheeling diode
across the output terminals of the rectifier.
Half-Controlled OR Semi-controlled Bridge Rectifiers

Another method of obtaining rectification in bridge rectifiers is replacing half of the SCRs with
diodes. These circuits are called semi-controlled bridge rectifiers.
III. DC-AC Converter (Inverter)
Inverters are AC converters used to convert the DC input into a sinusoidal AC

output with variable frequency and amplitude.
Two Types of Inverters:
I. Voltage-Source Inverter (VSI)
- It is one in which the DC source has small or negligible impedance. In other
words, a voltage source inverter has stiff DC voltage source at its input
terminal.
II. Current-Source Inverter (CSI)
- Is fed with adjustable current from a DC source of high impedance (i.e. from a
stiff DC current source. In a CSI fed with stiff current source, output current
waves are not affected by the load
Inverters Topologies: Note on Inverter output:
The output voltage of an
inverter is rectilinear in nature,
and therefore contains
harmonics.
Harmonics can greatly reduce
the efficiency and may have
adverse effects on the load.
Reduction of harmonics can be
achieved by filtering and/or
using harmonic elimination
techniques
Half-Bridge Inverter
• Also known as the “inverter leg”

• Basic building block for full bridge, three phase and higher order inverters.
• Both capacitors used should have the same value. The DC link is equally
“split” into two.
• The top and bottom switch has to be “complementary”, meaning that if the
top switch is closed (on), the bottom must be off, and vice-versa.
Half-Bridge DC-AC Inverter Effects of Blanking Time
Full-Bridge DC-AC Inverter Effects of Blanking Time
Full-Bridge DC-AC Inverter Harmonics components around the
(Unipolar Voltage Switching) switching frequency
Applications of inverters:
1. Adjustable-speed AC drives
2. Induction heating
3. Stand by air-craft power supplies
4. Uninterruptible power supplies (UPS)
5. HDVC Transmission lines
IV. AC-AC Converter (Cycloconverter or AC Choppers)
Two Types of AC-AC Converters:

1. On-off Control
2. Phase Control
Two Classifications of AC-AC Converters:

1. Single Phase – Uni-directional or half wave AC controller
2. Three Phase – Bi-directional or full wave AC controller
Example of Applications of AC Choppers:

• Electromagnetic Induction
• Transformer Tap Changing
Example: Half wave AC Phase Controller
(Unidirectional Controller)
Example: Single Phase Full-Wave AC Chopper
• Boylestad, Robert L. et. al. 2014. Electronic Devices and Circuit Theory 11th ed.
United States: Prentice Hall.
• Floyd, Thomas L. 2012. Electronic Devices 9th ed. United States: Prentice Hall.
• Anand, M. L. 2016. Electronic devices and circuits III (power electronics). New
Delhi : S. K. Kataria& Sons.
• Northrop, Robert B. 2014. Introduction to instrumentation and measurements. Boca

Raton : CRC Press, Taylor & Francis Group.
• Gupta, J. B. 2015.Electronics measurements and instrumentation. New Delhi : S. K.

Kataria& Sons
• Goyal, Shweta 2015.Industrial electronics and control devices.New Delhi : S. K. Kataria&

Sons

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POWER CONTROL DEVICES AND

POWER ELECTRONIC DEVICES

At the end of this discussion the students will be able to:

Methods for varying Average Output Voltage

Full-Wave Controlled Bridge Rectifier

Half-Controlled OR Semi-controlled Bridge Rectifiers

Inverters are AC converters used to convert the DC input into a sinusoidal AC

• Also known as the “inverter leg”

Two Types of AC-AC Converters:

Two Classifications of AC-AC Converters:

Example of Applications of AC Choppers:

• Northrop, Robert B. 2014. Introduction to instrumentation and measurements. Boca

• Gupta, J. B. 2015.Electronics measurements and instrumentation. New Delhi : S. K.

• Goyal, Shweta 2015.Industrial electronics and control devices.New Delhi : S. K. Kataria&

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