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    Temperature and Heat: Dr. Anis Nazihah Binti Mat Daud

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    Nik Ashraf
    The gaps between railway tracks allow for thermal expansion of the rails under temperature changes. Rails can expand significantly on hot days, which could cause buckling if there was no room for expansion. The gaps prevent damage to the tracks from the rails expanding into each other. They help ensure safe operation of the trains throughout changing weather conditions.

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    Temperature and Heat: Dr. Anis Nazihah Binti Mat Daud

    Uploaded by

    Nik Ashraf
    140 views21 pages
    The gaps between railway tracks allow for thermal expansion of the rails under temperature changes. Rails can expand significantly on hot days, which could cause buckling if there was no room for expansion. The gaps prevent damage to the tracks from the rails expanding into each other. They help ensure safe operation of the trains throughout changing weather conditions.

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    Temperature and Heat

    Original Title

    Temperature and Heat_2

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    The gaps between railway tracks allow for thermal expansion of the rails under temperature changes. Rails can expand significantly on hot days, which could cause buckling if there was no room for expansion. The gaps prevent damage to the tracks from the rails expanding into each other. They help ensure safe operation of the trains throughout changing weather conditions.

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PPT, PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as ppt, pdf, or txt
    140 views21 pages

    Temperature and Heat: Dr. Anis Nazihah Binti Mat Daud

    Uploaded by

    Nik Ashraf
    The gaps between railway tracks allow for thermal expansion of the rails under temperature changes. Rails can expand significantly on hot days, which could cause buckling if there was no room for expansion. The gaps prevent damage to the tracks from the rails expanding into each other. They help ensure safe operation of the trains throughout changing weather conditions.

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    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PPT, PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as ppt, pdf, or txt
    of 21

    TEMPERATURE AND

    HEAT

    DR. ANIS NAZIHAH BINTI MAT DAUD


    STATE CHANGE OF MATTER
    HEAT CAPACITIES

    Q  mcT Q  nCT

    Q  amount of heat Q  amount of heat


    m  mass (in kg) m  amount of substance (in mol)
    c  specific heat capacity (in J kg -1K -1 or J kg -1 o C -1 ) C  molar heat capacity (in J mol -1K -1 or J mol -1 o C -1 )
    T  T f  Ti  temperature difference (in K or o C) T  T f  Ti  temperature difference (in K or o C)
    HEAT CAPACITIES
    HEAT OF TRANSFORMATION

    • The amount of heat energy that causes 1 kg of a substance to undergo


    a phase change

    Q  mL f Q  mLv

    Q  energy Q  energy
    m  mass (in kg) m  mass (in kg)
    L f  heat of fusion (in J kg -1 ) Lv  heat of vaporization (in J kg -1 )
    HEAT OF TRANSFORMATION
    CALORIMETRY

    • Calorimetry: the process of
    measuring the amount of heat
    released or absorbed by a
    substance.

    Qnet  
    Qnet  Q  Q
    THERMAL EXPANSION
    LINEAR EXPANSION

    • the change in a material's


    length dimensions to a change
    in temperature. 

    L  Lo T

    L  L f  Lo  length difference
    Lo  initial length
      coefficien t of linear expansion (in o C -1 or K -1 )
    T  T f  Ti  temperatur e difference (in o C or K)
    AREA EXPANSION

    • the change in a material's


    area dimensions to a change in
    temperature. 
    A  Ao T
      2

    A  A f  Ao  area difference
    Ao  initial area
      coefficien t of area expansion (in o C -1 or K -1 )
    T  T f  Ti  temperatur e difference (in o C or K)
      coefficien t of linear expansion (in o C -1 or K -1 )
    VOLUME EXPANSION

    • the change in a material's


    volume dimensions to a
    change in temperature. 
    V  Vo T
      3

    V  V f  Vo  volume difference
    Vo  initial volume
      coefficien t of volume expansion (in o C -1 or K -1 )
    T  T f  Ti  temperature difference (in o C or K)
      coefficien t of linear expansion (in o C -1 or K -1 )
    THERMAL EXPANSION
    EXPANSION OF BIMETAL

    • A bimetallic strip is composed of two different materials that have


    different expansion coefficients.
    EXPANSION OF LIQUID
    EXPANSION OF LIQUID

    L  L  real expansion
    L  L  apparent expansion
    L  L  container expansion
    THERMAL EXPANSION OF WATER

    • This anomalous behavior of water has an


    important effect on plant and animal life in
    lakes.
    • A lake cools from the surface down; above
    4oC, the cooled water at the surface flows to
    the bottom because of its greater density.
    • When the surface temperature drops below
    4oC, the water near the surface is less dense
    than the warmer water below.
    • As the surface freezes, the ice floats
    because it is less dense than water.
    • The water at the bottom remains at 4oC until
    nearly the entire lake is frozen.
    EXERCISE

    How much heat is required to convert 18.0 g of ice at -10.0oC to steam at


    100.0oC? (Answer: 54540 J)
    EXERCISE

    In a container of negligible mass, 0.200 kg of ice at an initial


    temperature of -40.0oC is mixed with a mass m of water that has an
    initial temperature of 80.0oC. No heat is lost to the surroundings. If the
    final temperature of the system is 28.0oC, what is the mass m of the
    water that was initially at 80.0oC? (Answer: 0.599 kg)
    EXERCISE

    A copper cylinder is initially at 20.0oC. At what temperature will its


    volume be 0.300% larger than it is at 20.0oC? (Answer: 80.0oC)
    QUIZ/FORUM

    Explain the importance of gaps between railway tracks.

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