Batteries

Module III - BATTERIES
INTRODUCTION
In electrochemical cells, the chemical energy is converted into electrical

energy. The cell potential is related to the free energy change (AG). In an
electrochemical cell, the system does work by transferring electrical energy from an
electric circuit. Thus, AG for a reaction is a measure of the maximum useful work,
that can be obtained from a chemical reaction.
ie., AG = maximum useful work

But we know that maximum useful work = nFE
When a cell operates, work is done in the surroundings (flow of electricity).
G = -nFE or G < 0
A decrease in free energy is indicated by (-)ve sign.
One of the main uses of the galvanic cells is the generation of portable
electrical energy. These cells are known as batteries.
Battery
Abat ter y i s an arrangem ent of several electrochemical cells

connected in series, that can be used as a source of direct electric current)
A Cell: It contains only one anode and cathode. A Battery: It contains several
anodes and cathodes.
Requirements of a battery
A useful battery should fulfil the following requirements
1. It should be light and compact for easy transport.
2. It should have long life,both when it is beingused and when it is not used.
3. The voltage of the battery should not vary appreciably during its
use.
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TYPES OF BATTERY
1. Primary Battery (or) Primary cells(or) Non-reversible Battery
In these cells, the electrode and the electrode reactions cannot be reversed by
passing an external electrical energy. The reactions occur only once and after use
they become dead. Therefore, they are not chargeable
Examples: Dry cell, mercury cell.
2. Secondary Battery (or) Secondary cells(or) Reversible Battery
In these cells, the electrode reactions can be reversed by passing an external

electrical energy. Therefore, they can be recharged by passing electric current and
used again and again. These are also called Storage cells (or) Accumulators.
Examples :Lead acid storage cell, Nickel-cadmium cell.
3. Flow battery (or) Fuel cells
In these cells, the reactants, products and electrolytes are continually passing
through the cell. In this chemical energy gets converted into electrical energy. Eg.:
Hydrogen-oxygen fuel cell.
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ALKALINE BATTERY
Description
An alkaline battery has improved theform of the dry cell, in which the
electrolyte NH4C1 is replaced by KOH.The alkalinebattery consists of a zinc
cylinder filled with an electrolyte consisting of powdered Zn,KOH and MnO 2 in
the form ofpaste using starch and water. A carbon rod (graphite), acts as acathode, is
immersed in the electrolyte in the center of the cell. The outside cylindrical zinc body
acts as ananode.
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Advantages of alkaline battery over dry battery
The main advantages of thealkaline battery over dry battery are
(i) Zinc does not dissolve readily in a basic medium.

(ii) The life of the alkaline battery is longer than the dry batterybecause there is no
corrosion on Zn.
(iii) The alkaline battery maintains its voltage, as the current is drawn from it.
Uses
It is used in calculators, watches etc.,
LEAD STORAGE CELL OR LEAD ACCUMULATOR OR ACID

STORAGE CELL
Storage cell
A lead-acid storage cell is a secondary battery, which can operate both as a

voltaic cell and as an electrolytic cell. When it acts as a voltaic cell, it supplies
electrical energy and becomes "run down". When it is recharged, the cell operates
as an electrolytic cell.
Fig. Lead storage cell
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Description
A lead-acid storage battery consists of a number of (3 to 6) voltaic cells

connected in series to get 6 to 12 V battery. In each cell, the anode is made of lead.
The cathode is made of lead dioxide PbO2_or a grid made of lead, packed
with PbO2. A number of lead plates (anodes) are connected in parallel and a
number of PbO2 plates (cathodes) are also connected in parallel. Various plates
are separated from the adjacent ones by insulators like rubber or glass fibre. The
entire combinations are then immersed in dil. H2SO4 (38% by mass) having a
density of 1.30 gm/ml.
The cell may be represented as;
Pb | PbSO4| | H2SO4 (aq) | PbO2 | Pb
Working (Discharging)
When the lead-acid storage battery operates, the following reaction

occurs.
At anode:Lead is oxidised toPb ions,which further combines with

SO4forms insoluble PbSO4.
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From the above cell reactions, it is clear that PbSO4 is precipitated at both
the electrodes and H2SO4 is used up. As a result, the concentration of H2SO4
decreases and hence the density of H2SO4 falls below 1.2 gm/ml. So the battery
needs recharging.
Recharging the Battery
The cell can be charged by passing electric current in the opposite

direction. The electrode reaction gets reversed. As a result, Pb is deposited on
anode and PbO 2 on the cathode.The density of H2SO4 also increases.
The net reaction during charging is
Advantages of lead-acid batteries

(i) It is made easily.
(ii) It produces very high current.
(iii) The self-discharging rate is low when compared to other rechargeable batteries.
(iv) It also acts effectively at low temperature.
Disadvantages of lead-acid batteries

(i) Recycling of this battery causes environmental hazards.
(ii) Mechanical strain and normal pumping reduce battery capacity.
Uses
1. The Lead storage cell is used to supply current mainautomobiles such as
cars, buses, trucks, etc.
2. It is also used in gas engine ignition, telephoneexchanges, hospitals,
power stations, etc.,
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NICKEL-CADMIUM CELL (or) NICAD BATTERY
This is also a rechargeable battery.

Description
Nickel-cadmium cell consists of a cadmium anode and a metal grid
containing a paste of NiO2 acting as a cathode The electrolyte in this cell is KOH.
It is represented as
Cd | Cd(OH) 2 || KOH (aq) | NiO 2 | Ni
Working (Discharging)
When the Nicad battery operates, at the anode cadmium is oxidised to Cd
+
ions and insoluble Cd(OH)2 is formed. It produces about 1.4V.
At anode: Cadmium is oxidised to Cd + and further it combines with

OH~ ions to form Cd(OH) 2-
From the above cell reactions, it is clear that there isno formation of gaseous
products, the products Cd(OH)2 andNi(OH)2adhere well to the surfaces. This can be
reconvertedby recharging the cell.
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Recharging the Battery
The recharging process is similar to lead storage battery. When the current is
passed in the opposite direction, the electrode reaction gets reversed. As a result,
Cd gets deposited on anode and NiO2 on the cathode.
Advantage
1. It is smaller and lighter.
2. It has alonger life than lead storage cell.
3. Like a dry cell, it can be packed in a sealed container.
Disadvantage
It is more expensive than lead storage battery.
Uses
It is used in calculators, electronic flash units, transistors and cordless

appliances.
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Module III - BATTERIES

In electrochemical cells, the chemical energy is converted into electrical

ie., AG = maximum useful work

A decrease in free energy is indicated by (-)ve sign.

Abat ter y i s an arrangem ent of several electrochemical cells

1. Primary Battery (or) Primary cells(or) Non-reversible Battery

Examples: Dry cell, mercury cell.

2. Secondary Battery (or) Secondary cells(or) Reversible Battery

In these cells, the electrode reactions can be reversed by passing an external

Examples :Lead acid storage cell, Nickel-cadmium cell.

3. Flow battery (or) Fuel cells

The main advantages of thealkaline battery over dry battery are

(i) Zinc does not dissolve readily in a basic medium.

LEAD STORAGE CELL OR LEAD ACCUMULATOR OR ACID

A lead-acid storage cell is a secondary battery, which can operate both as a

Fig. Lead storage cell

A lead-acid storage battery consists of a number of (3 to 6) voltaic cells

The cell may be represented as;

Pb | PbSO4| | H2SO4 (aq) | PbO2 | Pb

When the lead-acid storage battery operates, the following reaction

At anode:Lead is oxidised toPb ions,which further combines with

Recharging the Battery

The cell can be charged by passing electric current in the opposite

The net reaction during charging is

Advantages of lead-acid batteries

Disadvantages of lead-acid batteries

This is also a rechargeable battery.

At anode: Cadmium is oxidised to Cd + and further it combines with

It is more expensive than lead storage battery.

It is used in calculators, electronic flash units, transistors and cordless

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