Industrial Drive & PLC

Lecture 01

Introduction to Electrical Drive

Sarhad University Peshawar
What is this…?
How it works…?
How it works…?
How it works…?
How it works…?
What is Motor……?

Electrical Energy (Rotational Force) Mechanical Energy

Motor
 Define:
Electrical Drive

System employed for motion control of Electrical Motor is called Electrical Drives

Control Unit
+ Motor
Block diagram for Electrical Drives
 Types of Motor

AC Motor DC Motor Special Type Motor

Induction Motor Series Motor Stepper Motor

BLDC Motor
Synchronous Motor Shunt Motor
Universal Motor

Compound Motor Reluctance Motor

Power Processor:
Power Processor:
Conversion Process takes place
• Converter
• Inverter
• Chopper
• Cyclo converter
 Converters
Converters
Converter is used to convert the AC Voltage into DC Voltage

AC Voltage Converter DC Voltage

AC Voltage DC Voltage
V
V

T
T
 Inverters
Inverters
Inverter is used to convert the DC Voltage into AC Voltage

DC Voltage Inverter AC Voltage

DC Voltage AC Voltage
V V

T T
 Chopper
Chopper
Chopper is used to convert the fixed DC Voltage into Variable DC Voltage

Fixed DC Voltage Variable DC

Fixed DC Voltage Chopper Variable DC
Voltage
Voltage
V V

T T
 Cyclo
CycloConverters
Converters
Cyclo Converter is used to convert the Fixed AC Voltage into Variable AC Voltage

Fixed Variable AC
Fixed Converter Variable AC
AC Voltage Voltage
AC Voltage Voltage
 Electrical
ElectricalSource
Source
• Current
• Voltage

AC
Voltage Rating::110V, 230V, 415V, 25KV
Current Rating:: 0.5A, 1A, 2A, 3A, 5A, 10A, 15A, 20A, 30A

Frequency-50Hz

DC

Voltage Rating::5V, 6V, 12V, 24V, 48V, 220V

Current Rating:: 0.2A, 0.3A, 0.5A, 1.5A, 1A, 2A, 2.5A, 2A, 3A
There is no Frequency
 Sensing
SensingUnit
Unit
Sensor is used to sense the physical quantity and convert it to electrical quantity

Physical Quantity Electrical

Physical Quantity Sensor Electrical
Quantity
Quantity
 Control
ControlUnit
Unit
• It controlling the system motion without any damages according to the
sensing unit along with input command.
• Control unit consist of
 digital integrated circuit,
 Transistor and
 Microprocessor
 Load
Load
• Normally loads are designed for accomplishing the given task.
• For example
 Fan,
 Pumps,
 Robots,
 Washing Machine
 Factors
FactorsInfluencing
Influencingthe
theChoice
ChoiceofofElectrical
ElectricalDrive
Drive

1. Steady state Operation

2. Transient Operation
3. Related with Source
4. Need of Cost
5. Life period of the Drive
6. Location & Environment
7. Flexibility
8. Reliability
9. Space & Weight
 1.Steady
1.SteadyState
StateOperation
Operation
• Nature of speed torque
• Range of speed
• Duty cycle
• Speed fluctuation
• Speed regulation
 2.Transient
2.TransientOperation
Operation
Transient is nothing but switched from one condition to another condition by
change in applied voltage or change in any one of the circuit element
• Acceleration
• Starting
• Braking
• Reversing
 3.Related
3.Relatedwith
withsource
source
• Voltage Fluctuation
• Power Factor
• Harmonics
 4.Need
4.Needofofcost
cost
The economy is the main factor for all process while selecting the electrical
drive for specific applications
• Initial Cost
• Running Cost
• Maintenance Cost
 5.Life
5.LifePeriod
Periodofofthe
theDrive
Drive
6.Location
6.Location&&Environment
Environment
For example drives may be adopted like coal mains rolling mills and etc..

7.Flexibility
7.Flexibility
8.Reliability
8.Reliability
9.Space & Weight
9.Space & Weight
 CLASSIFICATION
CLASSIFICATIONOF
OFELECTRICAL
ELECTRICALDRIVES
DRIVES

1.Based
1.Basedon
onLoad
Loadand
andenvironment
environmentcondition
condition
2.Based on Mode of operation
2.Based on Mode of operation
3.Based
3.Basedon
oncontrolling
controllingAction
Action
4.Based
4.Basedon
onnumber
numberofofMachines
Machines
1.Based
1.Basedon
onLoad
Load
• • Continuous
Continuous
• • Short time
Short time
• • Intermittent
Intermittent
• • Constant or variable
Constant or variable
• • Positive or Negative
Positive or Negative
1.Based
1.BasedononEnvironment
Environment
• • Temperature proof
Temperature proof
• • Humidity
Humidity
• • Dust and Dirty proof
Dust and Dirty proof
• • Vibration and Shock proof
Vibration and Shock proof
2.Based
2.Basedon
onMode
Modeofofoperation:
operation:
• • Continuous duty cycle
Continuous duty cycle
• • Intermittent duty cycle
Intermittent duty cycle
• • Short time duty cycle
Short time duty cycle
3.Based
3.Basedon
onControlling
ControllingAction
Action
• • Manually controlled
Manually controlled
• • Semi automated controlled
Semi automated controlled
• • Fully automatic controlled
Fully automatic controlled
4.Based
4.BasedononNumber
Numberofofmachine
machine
• • Individual drive
Individual drive
• • Group drive
Group drive
• • Multi motor drive
Multi motor drive
 INDIVIDUAL DRIVE SYSTEM

Motor Load

Only
Onlyone
oneload
loadisiscarried
carriedwith
withsingle
singleelectrical
electricaldrive
drive
 Advantages:
Advantages:
• • Does not depend on other drives
Does not depend on other drives
• • Better efficiency
Better efficiency
• • Neat appearance, Cleanliness and safety
Neat appearance, Cleanliness and safety
Disadvantages:
Disadvantages:
• • More Cost
More Cost
 GROUP DRIVE SYSTEM

Load-1 Load-3

Motor

Load-2

More than one load is carried with single electrical

More than one load is carried with single electrical
drive
drive
Advantages:
Advantages:
• • Single drive enough to drive multiple load
Single drive enough to drive multiple load
• • So installation cost and cost of one single large motor will
So installation cost and cost of one single large motor will
bebemuch
muchless
lessthan
thanaanumber
numberofofsmaller
smallermotors
motorstotalling
totalling
the
thecapacity.
capacity.
Disadvantages:
Disadvantages:
• • Less Efficiency
Less Efficiency
• • Less power factor
Less power factor
• • During fault condition, problem rectification is difficult
During fault condition, problem rectification is difficult
 MULTI MOTOR DRIVE SYSTEM

Motor Motor

Load

Motor Mot
or

More
Morethan
thanone
onemotor
motorisiscarried
carriedwith
withsingle
singleload
load
Advantages
AdvantagesofofElectrical
ElectricalDrive:
Drive:
•• Simple
Simpleininconstruction
construction
•• More
Moreinineconomical
economical
•• More convenient
More convenient
•• More
MoreFlexible
Flexible
•• Easily
Easilycontrollable
controllable
•• Less
LessNoisy
Noisy
 Motor
MotorDuty
DutyClassification:
Classification:
•• Continuous
ContinuousDuty
Duty
•• Short
ShortTime
TimeDuty
Duty
•• Intermittent Periodic Duty
Intermittent Periodic Duty
•• Intermittent
IntermittentPeriodic
PeriodicDuty
Dutywith
withstarting
starting
•• Intermittent
IntermittentPeriodic
PeriodicDuty
Dutywith
withstaring
staringand
andbraking
braking
•• Continuous
ContinuousDuty
Dutywith
withPeriodic
Periodicloading.
loading.
•• Continuous
ContinuousDuty
Dutywith
withStarting
Startingand
andBraking.
Braking.
•• Continuous Duty with periodic speed changes
Continuous Duty with periodic speed changes
 Continuous
ContinuousDuty:
Duty:
• • This represents the motor operation at a constant
This represents the motor operation at a constant
load-enough
load-enoughfor forthe
themotor
motortemperature
temperaturetotoreach
reach
steady state value.
steady state value.
• • Eg- Paper drive, Compressor, Conveyer
Eg- Paper drive, Compressor, Conveyer

Load Temp
Torque Rise

T (Time) T (Time)
 Short Time Duty:
Short Time Duty:
• • In this type of operation the motor is operated for a
In this type of operation the motor is operated for a
short
shortperiod,
period,which
whichisisless
lessthan
thanthe
theheating
heatingtime
time
constant
constantofofthe
themotor.
motor.
• • Eg- Crane drive, House hold Application valve, etc.
Eg- Crane drive, House hold Application valve, etc.

Load Temp
Torque Rise

T (Time) T (Time)
 Intermittent periodic Duty:
Intermittent periodic Duty:
• • In this type of operation has number of duty cycle
In this type of operation has number of duty cycle
which contains period of running at a constant load
which contains period of running at a constant load
and
andrest
restperiod
period. .

Load Temp
Torque Rise

T (Time) T (Time)
 Intermittent periodic Duty with starting:
Intermittent periodic Duty with starting:
• • In has starting running and constant load resting
In has starting running and constant load resting
periods. The rest period is short compared to the time
periods. The rest period is short compared to the time
required
requiredtotocool
coolofoftotoambient
ambienttemp.
temp.
• • Eg:- Metal cutting and drilling tool drives
Eg:- Metal cutting and drilling tool drives
Starting
Normal
Load operation Temp
Torque Rise

T (Time) T (Time)
 Intermittent periodic Duty with starting & Braking:
Intermittent periodic Duty with starting & Braking:
• • In this operation contains of a period of starting, a
In this operation contains of a period of starting, a
period
periodofofoperation,
operation,aaconstant
constantload
loadand
andaarest
rest
period:
period:with
withoperating
operatingatatrest
restperiod
periodbeing
beingtoo
tooshort
short
for the respective steady state temp to be attained
for the respective steady state temp to be attained . .

• • Eg:- Billet Mill drives, /manipulator drive, electric

Eg:- Billet Mill drives, /manipulator drive, electric
Suburban
Suburban drive
drive
Load Temp
Torque Rise

T (Time)
T (Time)