Channel Flow Routing

Reading:
Applied Hydrology Sections 8.4, 9.1-9.4, 9.7
 Brushy Creek Watershed
Reservoir

Routing

Subasin Rainfall Dam 7

-Runoff

Subbasin BUT_060
Reach SBR_080 Downstream of Dam 7

How do we route the flow

through Reach SBR_080?
 Hydrologic river routing (Muskingum Method)

Wedge storage in reach

Advancing I
S Prism  KQ Flood
Q
Wave
S Wedge  KX ( I  Q ) I>Q
I Q
K = travel time of peak through the reach
X = weight on inflow versus outflow (0 ≤ X ≤ 0.5) Q Q
X = 0  Reservoir, storage depends on outflow, no
wedge
X = 0.0 - 0.3  Natural stream
I Q
S  KQ  KX ( I  Q)
Receding
Flood
S  K [ XI  (1  X )Q] Wave QI
Q>I
I I
 Muskingum Method (Cont.)
S  K [ XI  (1  X )Q]
S j 1  S j  K {[ XI j 1  (1  X )Q j 1 ]  [ XI j  (1  X )Q j ]}

Recall:
I j 1  I j Q j 1  Q j
S j 1  S j  t  t
2 2

t  2 KX
Combine: C1 
2 K (1  X )  t
Q j 1  C1I j 1  C 2 I j  C3Q j
t  2 KX
C2 
2 K (1  X )  t
2 K (1  X )  t
C3 
2 K (1  X )  t

If I(t), K and X are known, Q(t) can be calculated using above

5
equations
 Muskingum - Example
Period Inflow
• Given: (hr) (cfs)
1 93
– Inflow hydrograph 2 137
3 208
– K = 2.3 hr, X = 0.15, Dt = 1 hour, 4 320
Initial Q = 85 cfs 5 442
6 546
• Find: 7 630
– Outflow hydrograph using 8 678
9 691
Muskingum routing method 10 675
11 634
t  2 KX 1  2 * 2.3 * 0.15 12 571
C1    0.0631
2 K (1  X )  t 2 * 2.3(1  0.15)  1 13
14
477
390
t  2 KX 1  2 * 2.3 * 0.15 15 329
C2    0.3442 16 247
2 K (1  X )  t 2 * 2.3(1  0.15)  1 17 184
18 134
2 K (1  X )  t 2 * 2.3 * (1  0.15)  1 19 108
C3    0.5927 20 90
2 K (1  X )  t 2 * 2.3(1  0.15)  1

6
 Muskingum – Example (Cont.)

Q j 1  C1I j 1  C 2 I j  C3Q j
Period Inflow C1Ij+1 C2Ij C3Qj Outflow
(hr) (cfs) (cfs)
1 93 0 0 0 85
C1 = 0.0631, C2 = 0.3442, C3 = 0.5927 2
3
137
208
9
13
32
47
50
54
91
114
4 320 20 72 68 159
5 442 28 110 95 233
6 546 34 152 138 324
7 630 40 188 192 420
800 8 678 43 217 249 509
9 691 44 233 301 578
10 675 43 238 343 623
700
11 634 40 232 369 642
12 571 36 218 380 635
600 13 477 30 197 376 603
14 390 25 164 357 546
15 329 21 134 324 479
Discharge (cfs)

500
16 247 16 113 284 413
17 184 12 85 245 341
400 18 134 8 63 202 274
19 108 7 46 162 215
300 20 90 6 37 128 170

200

100

0
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20
Time (hr)

7
 Unsteady Flow Routing in Open Channels

• Flow is one-dimensional
• Hydrostatic pressure prevails and vertical
accelerations are negligible
• Streamline curvature is small.
• Bottom slope of the channel is small.
• Manning’s equation is used to describe
resistance effects
• The fluid is incompressible
 Continuity Equation
Q = inflow to the control volume
q = lateral inflow

Q Rate of change of flow

x with distance
Q
Q dx Outflow from the C.V.
x

 ( Adx)
Change in mass
t

Elevation View
Reynolds transport theorem

d
0 
dt c.v.
d   V .dA
c.s.

Plan View
 Momentum Equation
• From Newton’s 2nd Law:
• Net force = time rate of change of momentum
d
 F  dt Vd  VV .dA
c .v . c.s.

Sum of forces
on the C.V.

Momentum stored Momentum flow

within the C.V across the C. S.
Forces acting on the C.V.
• Fg = Gravity force due to
weight of water in the C.V.
• Ff = friction force due to shear
stress along the bottom and
sides of the C.V.
• Fe = contraction/expansion
force due to abrupt changes
in the channel cross-section
• Fw = wind shear force due to
Elevation View
frictional resistance of wind at
the water surface
• Fp = unbalanced pressure
forces due to hydrostatic
forces on the left and right
hand side of the C.V. and
pressure force exerted by
banks
Plan View
 Momentum Equation
d
 F  dt Vd  VV .dA
c .v . c.s.

Sum of forces
on the C.V.

Momentum stored Momentum flow

within the C.V across the C. S.

1 Q 1   Q 2  y
 
 
  g  g (So  S f )  0
A t A x  A  x
 Momentum Equation(2)
1 Q 1  Q 
 2
y
    g  g ( S o  S f )  0
A t A x  A  x
Local Convective Pressure Gravity Friction
acceleration acceleration force force force
term term term term term

V V y
V  g  g (So  S f )  0
t x x
Kinematic Wave

Diffusion Wave

Dynamic Wave
 Momentum Equation (3)
1 V V V y
    So  S f
g t g x x
Steady, uniform flow

Steady, non-uniform flow

Unsteady, non-uniform flow

 Applications of different forms of momentum equation

V V y
V g  g ( So  S f )  0
t x x

• Kinematic wave: when gravity forces and friction forces

balance each other (steep slope channels with no back water
effects)
• Diffusion wave: when pressure forces are important in
addition to gravity and frictional forces
• Dynamic wave: when both inertial and pressure forces are
important and backwater effects are not negligible (mild slope
channels with downstream control, backwater effects)

15
 Kinematic Wave
• Kinematic wave celerity, ck is the speed of
movement of the mass of a flood wave
downstream
– Approximately, ck = 5v/3 where v = water velocity
 Muskingum-Cunge Method
• A
  variant of the Muskingum method that has a
more physical hydraulic basis
• This is what Dean Djokic has used in the
Brushy Creek HEC-HMS models
• , where Δx = reach length or an increment of
this length
• , where B = surface width, S0 is the bed slope
Reach SBR_080 Downstream of Dam 7

How do we route the flow

through Reach SBR_080?
Longitudinal profile for reach SBR_080

1545 ft

0.0008
1
 Cross-Section for SBR_080
Cross-Section

800.00

Station Elevation 795.00

0 797.6057
Elevation above datum (ft)
118.1 790.0711 790.00
236.2 781.6702
785.00
284 777.0652
304 777.0652 780.00
323.42 783.5712
344.26 789.859 775.00
365.1 795.4788
770.00

765.00
0.00 100.00 200.00 300.00 400.00
Distance (ft)
Routing in stream reach downstream of
Dam 7