II

Percaktimi i parametrave, kur dihet:

cp= 1.012 (kj/kgK)

cv= 0.747 (kj/kgK)
R = 265 (kj/kgK)

cp
 1.3 5
cv
cp – cv = R

 Per piken 1.

p1 45 (bar)= 45 105
p1v1 45  10 5  0.030
v1= 0.030 (m3/kg) p1v1  RT1  T1    509 (K)
R 265
T1= ?

 Per piken 2.

p = 15 (bar)
v=? - procesi (1 – 2) izotermik, si i tille na jep:
T=?
T1 = T2 = 509 (K)

RT 265  509
pv  RT  v    0.080 (m3/kg)
p 15  10 5

 Per piken 3.

p=?
v=? - procesi (2-3) adiabatic,si i tille na jep:
T = 373 (K)
k 1.35
T2k T3k T  k 1  373  1..351
k 1
 k 1
 p 3  p 2  3   15  10 5    452232.455 pa 
p2 p3  T2   509 

1 1
 p k  15  10 5  1.35
 0.218 m 
3
p 2 v  p 3 v  v3  v 2  2   0.080
k k

2 3
p 452232 . 4655  kg 
 3  

 Per piken 4.
p = 1.2 (bar)
RT4 265  273
 0.603 m 
3
v=? p 4 v 4  RT4  v 4  
p4 1.2  10 5
 kg 
T = 273 (K)

 Per piken 5.

p=?
v=? - Procesi (5-1) izohorik, si i tille na jep:
T = 373 (K)
V5= v1 = 0.030 (m3?kg)

RT5 265  373

p5 v5  RT5  p5    3294833.333 pa 
v5 0.030

Tabela nr. 1.

Gjendia p (kpa) v (m3/kg) T (K)

1 4500 0.030 509
2 1500 0.080 509
3 452.232 0.218 373
4 120 0.603 273
5 3294.833 0.030 373

- Eksergjia e rrymes per piken 1.

 p
p1 1
P1 = 45 (bar) δq = 0

T1 = 509 (K)
ΔT = 0
Po = 1 (bar)
Px x
To = 273 (K) po o
v
e x1 = ? v1 vx vo

e x1 = lmax = l(1-x) + l(x-o)

(1-x) – process adiabatic

q = l(1-x) + Δh l(1-x) =-Δh = cp( T1 – Tx)

0
(x – 1) – process izotermik

q = l(x-o)+ Δh l(x-o) = Tx Δs Tx = To
0

p 45 kj 
Δs = R ln p  0.265 ln 4.070814914  0.637 kgK 
1

x
k 1.35
T1k Tk  T  k 1  273  1..351
k 1
 kx1  p x  p1  o   45  105    407081.4914 pa 
p1 px  T1   509 

e x1= 1.012 (509 – 273) + 273*0.637 = 389.801 (kj/kg)

III

 Procesi (1-2) izotermik.

 Treguesi i politropes.

cn  c p
 n=? n
cn  cv
 n 1

 Nxetesia specifike.

nk
cn= ? cn  cv 
n 1
  ≠ i energjise se brendeshme.

Δu = ? Δu = cv (T2 – T1) = 0.747 (509 -509) = 0.

 ≠ i entropies.

p 45
Δs = R ln p  0.265 ln 15  0.291(kj / kgK )
1
Δs = ?
2

 ≠ i entalpise.

Δh = ? Δh = cp ( T2 – T1) = 1.012 (509-509) = 0.

 Sasia e nxetesis.

q=? q = T Δs = 509 * 0.291 = 148.119 (kj/kg)

 Puna e kryer.

p1
l ? l  TR ln  q  148.119(kj / kg )
p2

 Puna teknike.

lt  ? l t  n  l  1  148.119 (kj / kg )

 Eksergjia e nxetsis.

exq = ? exq = q – To Δs = 148.119 – 509 * 0.291 = 68.676 (kj/kg)

1 2
eksergjia

anergjia

S
 Procesi (2 – 3) adiabatik.

 Treguesi i politropes.

cn  c p
 n=? n
cn  cv
 n  k  1.35
  Nxetesia specifike.

nk
cn= ? cn  cv 0
n 1

 ≠ i energjise se brendeshme.

Δu = ? Δu = cv (T3 – T2) = 0.747 (373 -509) = - 101.592 (kj/kg)

 ≠ i entropies.

T 373
Δs = c n ln T  0  ln 509  0
3
Δs = ?
2

 ≠ i entalpise.

Δh = ? Δh = cp ( T3 – T2) = 1.012 (373 - 509) = - 137.632 (kj/kg)

 Sasia e nxetesis.

q=? q = T Δs = 0

 Puna e kryer.

1 1
l ? l R (T2  T1 )  0.265(509  373)  101.592(kj / kg )
k 1 1.35  1

 Puna teknike.

lt  ? l t  k  l  1.35  101.592  137.632(kj / kg )

 Eksergjia e nxetsis.

exq = ? exq = q – To Δs = 0

 Procesi (3 – 4) politropik.

 Treguesi i politropes.
 p4 452.232
log log
p3 120  1.3
n=? p 4 v 4n  p3 v3n  n  
v 0.603
log 3 log
v4 0.218

 Nxetesia specifike.

nk 1.3  1.35

cn= ? c n  cv  0.747  0.125( kj / kgK )
n 1 1.3  1

 ≠ i energjise se brendeshme.

Δu = ? Δu = cv (T4 – T3) = 0.747 (273 - 373) = -74.4 (kj/kg)

 ≠ i entropies.

T 273
Δs = cn ln T  0.125  ln 373  0.019(kj / kg )
4
Δs = ?
3

 ≠ i entalpise.

Δh = ? Δh = cp ( T4 – T3) = 1.012 (273 - 373) = - 101.2 (kj/kg)]

 Sasia e nxetesis.

q=? q = cn(T4 – T3) = -0.125 (273 – 373) = 12.5 (kj/kg)

 Puna e kryer.

1 1
l ? l R (T2  T1 )  0.265(373  273)  90.833(kj / kg )
k 1 1.3  1

 Puna teknike.

lt  ? l t  n  l  1.3  90.833  117 .833(kj / kg )

 Eksergjia e nxetsis.

exq = ? exq = q – To Δs = 12.5 – 273*0.019 = 68.676 (kj/kgK)

 T
3
4

eksergjia

To
anergjia

S
s s

 Procesi (4 – 5 ) politropik.

 Treguesi i politropes.

p4 120
log log
p 3294.833  1.1
n=? p 4 v 4n  p5 v5n  n  5

v5 0.030
log log
v4 0.0603

 Nxetesia specifike.

nk 1.1  1.35

cn= ? cn  cv  0.747  1.868(kj / kgK )
n 1 1.1  1

 ≠ i energjise se brendeshme.

Δu = ? Δu = cv (T5 – T4) = 0.747 (373 - 273) = 74.7 (kj/kg)

 ≠ i entropies.

T 373
Δs = c n ln T  1.868  ln 273  0.542(kj / kg )
5
Δs = ?
4

 ≠ i entalpise.

Δh = ? Δh = cp ( T5 – T4) = 1.012 ( 373 – 273 ) = 101.2 (kj/kg)]

 Sasia e nxetesis.

q=? q = cn(T5 – T4) = -1.868 ( 373 – 273 ) = - 186.6 (kj/kg)

 Puna e kryer.

1 1
l ? l R(T2  T1 )  0.265(273  373)  265(kj / kg )
n 1 1.1  1
  Puna teknike.

lt  ? l t  n  l  1.1  ( 265)  291.5( kj / kg )

 Eksergjia e nxetsis.

exq = ? exq = q – To Δs = 186.6 – 273*0.542 = 39.726 (kj/kgK)

T
5
4

eksergjia

To
anergjia

S
s s

 Procesi (5 – 1 ) izohorik.

 Treguesi i politropes.

cn  c p
n=? n  n  
cn  cv

 Nxetesia specifike.

nk
cn= ? c n  cv  cv  0.747(kj / kgK )
n 1

 ≠ i energjise se brendeshme.

Δu = ? Δu = cv (T1 – T5) = 0.747 (509 - 373) = 101.592 (kj/kg)

 ≠ i entropies.

T 509
Δs = c n ln T  0.747  ln 373  0.232(kj / kg )
1
Δs = ?
5

 ≠ i entalpise.

Δh = ? Δh = cp ( T1 – T5) = 1.012 (509 - 373) = 137.632 (kj/kg)

 Sasia e nxetesis.
q=? q = cv(T1 – T5) = 0.747(509 – 373) = 101592 (kj/kg)

 Puna e kryer.

l ? l   pdv  0

 Puna teknike.

lt  ? l t    vdp  v( p5  p1 )  36.676( kj / kg )

 Eksergjia e nxetsis.

exq = ? exq = q – To Δs = 101.592 – 273*0.232 = 38.256 (kj/kgK)

1
5
eksergjia

To
anergjia

S
s s

Tabela nr. 2

Proces n Δu Δs Δh q (kj/kg) l lt exq

i (kj/kg) (kj/kgK) (kj/kg) (kj/kg) (kj/kg) (kj/kg)
(1-2) 1 0 0.291 0 148.119 148.119 148.119 68.676
(2-3) 1.35 -101.592 0 -137.632 0 101.833 137.833 0
(3-4) 1.3 -74.7 0.019 -101.2 12.5 90.833 117.833 7.313
(4-5) 1.1 74.7 -0.542 101.2 -186.6 -265 -291.5 39.726
(5-1)   101.592 0.232 137.632 101.592 0 -36.676 39.726
cikli - 0 0 0 75.611 75.544 75.860 -
  Rendimenti termik i ciklit.

lc 75.544
 tc    0.288  28 .8 %
q N 262.211

IV

 Eksergjia e dhene nga niveli i siperm

e xqN  ? e xqN    q  0  T0   s  0  262.211  273  0.542  114.245(kj / kg )

 Eksergjia e dhene nga niveli poshtem.

e xqF  ? e xqF    q  0  T0   s  0  186.6  273  0.542  38.634(kj / kg )

 Rendimenti eksergjitik i ciklit.

lc 75.544
 exc    0.661  66.1 %
e xqN 114 .245

V
 Cikli Karno qe punon ne temp ekstreme
T

a 1 2 b
’ ’
5 b
5 3

c’ c
’
4 4
 s

Cikli 1-2-3-4-5-1 cikli real.

Cikli a-b-4-4’-a cikli Karno qe punon ne tempekstreme.

Cikli 5’-b’-c-c’-5’ cikli Karno i barasvlefshem.

 Rendimenti i ciklit karno.

TN  TF 509  273
 tc    0.564  56.4 %
TN 509

 Ndertimi i ciklit te barasvlefshem Karno.

Tbv1 
  q  0  262.211  484( K )
  s  0 0.542

Tbv2 
  q  0  186.6  344( K )
  s  0 0.542
 Rendimenti termik i ciklit te barasvlefshem Karno.

Tbv1  Tbv2 484  344

 c
tbv    0.289  28.9 %
Tbv1 484

I.
 Paraqitja ne diagramat <p;v>, <T;s>, <h;s>.

<p;v>
<T;s>

<h;s>.