Analiza Diskursa: Fond Časova: 2P Knjiga: Discourse Analysis For Language + Odabrana Poglavlja

ANALIZA DISKURSA
Fond časova: 2P
Knjiga: Discourse Analysis for Language

Teachers, Michael McCarthy
+ odabrana poglavlja
na sajtu milicavukovic.yolasite.com
Bodovanje:
1.Dva kolokvijuma (pismeno), 2 x 30 poena (6. i

13. sedmica);
2.završni ispit (pismeno), 37 poena;
3.prisustvo – 3 poena.
Discourse Analysis
Lecture I
Discourse Analysis
• Definition (language + context)
• Phonetics
• Morphology
• Syntax
• Semantics
Discourse Analysis
Discourse Analysis
• Brief historical overview
• Zellig Harris (1952)
• Influences: French structuralist approach,
semiotics and linguistic philosophers (Austin,
Searle and Grice)
• British approach – Halliday’s functional approach
to language; patterns in talk
• American approach – ethnomethodological
approach; conversation analysis; politeness
Discourse
Discourse is “language above the sentence or above the
clause” (Stubbs, 1983: 1).
1960s grammarians became convinced of the usefulness of

considering stretches longer than individual sentences in
their analyses, at least two terms came to be used in parallel
fashion: text linguistics and discourse analysis.
Originally, some people preferred to use text to refer to
written language and kept discourse strictly for oral
production.
However, we do not make any distinctions between text
linguistics and discourse analysis, and between discourse
and text, because they are now often used interchangeably.
Discourse
‘Discourse’ refers to any utterance which is
meaningful. These texts can be:
- written texts
- oral texts (‘speech’/’talk’)
- mixed written/oral texts (e.g. Internet chat)
Discourse does not depend on the size of a text
(“P” and “Ladies” can both be analysed as
discourse)
Discourse
• A particular unit of language (above the
sentence), or discourse in structure;
• A particular focus on language use,
discourse as function.
Discourse Analysis
• What does it study?
– Examples of analysis:
Form and Function
Ex. 1:
- Wasn’t my face red?!

Form and function
Ex. 2:
- It’s hot in here.

Intensifiers
Ex. 3:
• That is very interesting. (basic intensifier)

• That is very, very interesting. (repetition to increase
effect)
• That is extremely interesting. (suggests extreme
response)
• That is amazingly interesting. (suggests being amazed)
• That is scarily interesting. (suggests being scared)
• That is quite interesting. (reducing intensity)
• That is a bit interesting. (reducing intensity)
Emphasisers
• Ex. 4
• Obviously you need peace of mind, and this
insurance product will give it to you.
• You're naturally unhappy because you're
living with a fool.
• Of course it's expensive, but only the best is
good enough.
Use of pronouns
Ex. 5
• I think that is good. [committing your view]

• We like apples, don't we? [bonding]
• I promise you a better future. [authoritative,
committing]
Transitivity
Ex. 6
a) The soldiers killed 10 people.

b) 10 people died.
c) 10 people are dead.
Hedging
Ex. 7
• There might just be a few insignificant
problems we need to address. (adjective)
• The party was somewhat spoiled by the return
of the parents. (adverb)
• I'm not an expert but you might want to try
restarting your computer. (clause)
• That's false, isn't it? (tag question clause)
Presupposition
• Ex. 8
• West is encouraging Iran to reconsider its

dangerous policy decisions.
Iran’s policies are definitely dangerous – that’s

the starting premise in the sentence.
Conceptual metaphor
Ex. 9:
• Your claims are indefensible.
• He attacked every weak point in my argument.
• His criticisms were right on target.
• I demolished his argument.
• I’ve never won an argument with him.
• If you use that strategy, he’ll wipe you out.
• He shot down all of my arguments.
ARGUMENT IS WAR
Euphemisms
Ex. 10:
• War on terror
• Ethnic cleansing
• NATO intervention
• Optimising staff
• Substandard housing
• Economically disadvantaged
Speech acts
• Saying vs. doing:
• It’s hot in here.

• I pronounce you husband and wife.
There are different types of speech acts:

e.g. “Speak louder!” (directive)
“Oxford Street is a shopper’s paradise.“ (assertive)
Discourse markers
• A: So, I’ve decided I’m going to go to the bank and ask for a car
loan.
• B: That sounds like a good idea.
• C: Well, you need a car.
• B: Right.
• A: Anyway, I was wondering if either of you would teach me how to
drive.
• so marks the beginning of a new part of the conversation.

• well marks a change in the focus (from getting a car loan to needing
a car).
• right marks a response (B is agreeing with C).
• anyway marks a shift in topic (from buying a new car to having
driving lessons).
Scope of discourse analysis
• Very heterogeneous
• Written and spoken language
• Discourse analysis is not a discipline which exists on its
own. It is influenced by other disciplines and influences
them as well. It is a two-way process …
• For this reason discourse analysis examines spoken
and written texts from all sorts of different areas
(medical, legal, advertising) and from all sorts of
perspectives (race, gender, power)
• Discourse analysis has a number of practical
applications - for example in analysing communication
problems in medicine, psychotherapy, education, in
analysing written style etc.
Some worries & objections
It is subjective?
- not particularly; argument still has to convince
readers, editors etc., by appeal to established
findings & theory
Is it useful?
- reveals how objects get constituted & unmasks
the interests that serves (and perhaps could be
resisted)
- shows how mundane interaction achieves its
business (and perhaps could be improved)

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ANALIZA DISKURSA

Knjiga: Discourse Analysis for Language

1.Dva kolokvijuma (pismeno), 2 x 30 poena (6. i

1960s grammarians became convinced of the usefulness of

- Wasn’t my face red?!

- It’s hot in here.

• That is very interesting. (basic intensifier)

• I think that is good. [committing your view]

a) The soldiers killed 10 people.

• West is encouraging Iran to reconsider its

Iran’s policies are definitely dangerous – that’s

• It’s hot in here.

There are different types of speech acts:

• so marks the beginning of a new part of the conversation.

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