Presentation On Laplace Transforms

Presentation on
Laplace Transforms
Presented by:- Jitendra(090103091)
Junaid ahmad(090103092)
Kamini singh(090103094)
Kapil
gaur(090103095)
Kaptan singh bhati(090103096)
Karan roy(090103098)
Keshav tomar(090103100)
SUBMITTED TO :-
MR .SHAILENDRA KUMAR
TRIPATHI
What Are Laplace Transforms?
The Laplace transform was developed by the
French mathematician by the same name
(1749-1827) and was widely adapted to
engineering problems in the last century. Its
utility lies in the ability to convert differential
equations to algebraic forms that are more
easily solved. The notation has become very
common in certain areas as a form of
engineering “language” for dealing with
systems.
A Laplace transform is a type of
integral transform.


 s t
e f ( t ) dt  F ( s )
0
Plug one function in
Get another function out
The new function is in a different domain.


 f ( t ) dt  F ( s )
 s t
When e
0
F ( s ) is the Laplace transform of f ( t ).

Write L  f ( t )  F ( s ),
L  y (t )  Y ( s ),
L  x (t )  X ( s ), etc.
A Laplace transform is an example of an
improper integral : one of its limits is infinite.
Define
 h
 f (t ) dt  lim  e
 s t  s t
e f (t ) dt
h
0 0
A Calculation
 0 if t  c
Let u (t  c )  
 1 if t  c
This is called the unit step function or

the Heaviside function.
It’s handy for describing functions that

turn on and off.
 0 if t  c
u (t  c )  
 1 if t  c
1
c t
The Heaviside Function

Calculating the Laplace transform of the
Heaviside function is almost trivial.
 h
L  u (t  c )   e  s t
u (t  c ) dt  lim  e  s t
dt 
h 
0 c
 s t h  s c
lim 1
e  lim 1
(e  s h
e  s c
)e
h 
s c h 
s s
Remember that u ( t  c ) is zero until t  c,

then it’s one.
To What End Does One Use
Laplace Transforms?
We can use Laplace transforms to turn an
initial value problem
y " 3 y ' 4 y  t  u (t  1)
y (0)   1, y '(0)  2
Solve for y(t)
into an algebraic problem
Y ( s ) * ( s  3 s  4)  ( s  1) 
2 s 1
s 2 e s
Solve for Y(s)

Laplace transforms are particularly effective
on differential equations with forcing functions
that are piecewise, like the Heaviside function,
and other functions that turn on and off.
1 t
A sawtooth function
I.V.P.
Laplace transform
Algebraic Eqn
Then What?
If you solve the algebraic equation
s
 ( s  1)  ( s  e  1)  e
2 s
Y (s) 
s  ( s  3 s  4)
2 2
and find the inverse Laplace transform of

the solution, Y(s), you have the solution to
the I.V.P.
Algebraic Expression
Inverse
Laplace
transform
Soln. to IVP
The inverse Laplace transform of
s
 ( s  1)  ( s  e  1)  e
2 s
Y (s)  is
s  ( s  3 s  4)
2 2
t 4
y (t )  u (t  1)(  e +
2
5e
t 3e4
80  (e )  t 1
4
3
16 )
t 4
 u ( t )(  e   ( e ) )
2
5
t 3
5
Thus
t 4
y (t )  u (t  1)(  e +
2
5e
t 3e4
80  (e )  t 1
4
3
16 )
t 4
 u ( t )(  e   ( e ) )
2
5
t 3
5
is the solution to the I.V.P.
y " 3 y ' 4 y  t  u (t  1)
y (0)   1, y '(0)  2
How Do You Transform an
Differential Equation?
You need several nice properties of Laplace
transforms that may not be readily apparent.
First, Laplace transforms, and inverse
transforms, are linear :
L  cf (t )  g (t ) = c L  f (t ) + L  g (t ) ,
L 1  cF ( s )  G ( s ) = c L 1  F ( s ) + L -1  G ( s )
for functions f(t), g(t), constant c, and
transforms F(s), G(s).
Second, there is a very simple relationship
between the Laplace transform of a given
function and the Laplace transform of that
function’s derivative.
L  f '(t ) = s  L  f (t )  f (0), and

L  f ''(t ) = s  L  f (t )  s  f (0)  f '(0)
2
These show when we apply differentiation

by parts to the integral defining the transform.
Now we know there are rules that let
us determine the Laplace transform
of an initial value problem, but...
How Do You Find Inverse
Laplace Transforms?
First you must know that Laplace transforms
are one-to-one on continuous functions.
In symbols
L  f ( t ) = L  g ( t )  f ( t )  g ( t )
when f and g are continuous.
That means that Laplace transforms are

invertible.
Inverse Laplace Transforms
If L  f ( t )  F ( s ),
then L -1
 F ( s )  f ( t ), where
c  i
L 1
 F ( s )  1
2 i 
c  i
s t
e F ( s ) ds
An inverse Laplace transform is an improper
contour integral, a creature from the world
of complex variables.
That’s why you don’t see them naked very

often. You usually just see what they yield,
the output.
In practice, Laplace transforms and inverse
Laplace transforms are obtained using tables
and computer algebra systems.
Why Use Such Dangerous
Machines?
Don’t use them...
unless you really have to.

When Might You Have To?
When your forcing function is a piecewise,
periodic function, like the sawtooth function...
Or when your forcing function is an impulse,

like an electrical surge.
Impulse?
An impulse is the effect of a force that acts
over a very short time interval.
A lightning strike creates an electrical
impulse.
The force of a major leaguer’s bat
striking a baseball creates a mechanical
impulse.
Engineers and physicists use the Dirac
delta function to model impulses.
The Dirac Delta Function
This so-called quasi-function was created
by P.A.M. Dirac, the inventor of quantum
mechanics.

 ( t  a )  0 when t  a and  0
 ( t  a ) dt  1
People use this thing all the time. You

need to be familiar with it.
The Laplace Transform of the
Dirac Delta Function
L { ( t  a )}  1 / e a s
Beware!
Laplace transforms have limited appeal.
You cannot use them to find general solutions

to differential equations.
You cannot use them on initial value problems

with initial conditions different from
y (0)  c1 , y '(0)  c 2 , e tc.
Initial conditions at a point other than zero

will not do.

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The new function is in a different domain.

F ( s ) is the Laplace transform of f ( t ).

This is called the unit step function or

It’s handy for describing functions that

The Heaviside Function

Remember that u ( t  c ) is zero until t  c,

into an algebraic problem

Solve for Y(s)

and find the inverse Laplace transform of

is the solution to the I.V.P.

L  f '(t ) = s  L  f (t )  f (0), and

These show when we apply differentiation

when f and g are continuous.

That means that Laplace transforms are

That’s why you don’t see them naked very

unless you really have to.

Or when your forcing function is an impulse,

People use this thing all the time. You

You cannot use them to find general solutions

You cannot use them on initial value problems

y (0)  c1 , y '(0)  c 2 , e tc.

Initial conditions at a point other than zero

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