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    Module 2

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    mhd slmn
    Hydrostatic pressure is the pressure exerted by a fluid at rest. It depends on the depth and the density of the fluid. According to Pascal's law, pressure at any point in a fluid at rest is equal in all directions. Pressure increases linearly with depth due to the weight of the overlying fluid columns. Various pressure measuring devices called manometers use this principle to measure pressure differences.

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    Module 2

    Uploaded by

    mhd slmn
    21 views35 pages
    Hydrostatic pressure is the pressure exerted by a fluid at rest. It depends on the depth and the density of the fluid. According to Pascal's law, pressure at any point in a fluid at rest is equal in all directions. Pressure increases linearly with depth due to the weight of the overlying fluid columns. Various pressure measuring devices called manometers use this principle to measure pressure differences.

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    Hydrostatic pressure is the pressure exerted by a fluid at rest. It depends on the depth and the density of the fluid. According to Pascal's law, pressure at any point in a fluid at rest is equal in all directions. Pressure increases linearly with depth due to the weight of the overlying fluid columns. Various pressure measuring devices called manometers use this principle to measure pressure differences.

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pptx, pdf, or txt
    21 views35 pages

    Module 2

    Uploaded by

    mhd slmn
    Hydrostatic pressure is the pressure exerted by a fluid at rest. It depends on the depth and the density of the fluid. According to Pascal's law, pressure at any point in a fluid at rest is equal in all directions. Pressure increases linearly with depth due to the weight of the overlying fluid columns. Various pressure measuring devices called manometers use this principle to measure pressure differences.

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    © All Rights Reserved
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    of 35

    MODULE-II

    HYDROSTATIC
    •Fluid pressure Unit of pressure can be bar,kpa,pa,N/m2
    Pressure is the force per unit area
    Ibar=105 N/m2=102 kpa
    Pressure =

    Unit is Newton/square meter bar = 10 5 N/m2


    Pound/square foot (fps)

    Example:
    A mass m of 50 kg acts on a piston of area 100 cm2 what is the intensity of pressure
    on the water in contact with the underside of the position if the piston is in
    equilibrium
    Solution.
    Force = mg For liquids or gases at rest the pressure
    = 50 x 9.81 = 490.5 N gradient in the vertical direction at any point
    in a fluid depends only on the specific weight
    Area of piston A = 100 cm2 = 0.01 m2
    of the fluid at that point
    = N/m2 Pressure =

    = 4.905 x 104 N/m2


    2- Pascal's Law for Pressure at a Point

    Triangular prismatic element of fluid

    acts perpendicular to surface ABCD,

    acts perpendicular to surface ABFE and

    acts perpendicular to surface FECD.

    And, as the fluid is at rest, in equilibrium, the sum of the forces in any direction
    is zero.

    Pressure at any point is the same in all directions.


    This is known as Pascal's Law and applies to fluids at rest.
    3. Variation of pressure vertically in a fluid under gravity

    VOLUME OF CYLINDER=AREA*HEIGHT

    Vertical elemental cylinder of fluid


    The fluid is at rest and in equilibrium so all the forces in the vertical direction
    sum to zero. We have (F=PA)

    Density=mass/volume
    Mass=density*volume
    Force=ρ*g*v
    Force=ρ*g*A(Z2-Z1)
    p1 - p2 = ρgh

    4.pressure head { if Free surface


    p2 (pressure = p0)}
    Z

    z2 h = z 2 – z1

    z1

    y
    ∆p=ρgh
    X
    p1 - p2 = ρgh

    h = pressure head
    example:
    A diver is working at a depth of 18 m below the surface of the sea. How much greater is the
    pressure intensity at this depth than at the surface? Specific weight of sea water is 10000
    N/m3
    Solution:
    p1 - p2 = ρgh (specific weight=ρg)
    Δ p = 10000 x 18
    Δ p=180000 N/m2
    Example:
    Find the head height (h) of water corresponding to an intensity of pressure
    (p) of 340000 N/m2. The specific weight of water is 9.81 x 103 N/m3
    Solution:
    p = ρgh

    h= h=
    = 34.7 m

    The hydraulic jack


    Example: If the force F1 is 850 N is applied to the smaller cylinder of a
    hydraulic jack. The area A1 of a small piston is 15 cm2 and the area A2 of
    the large piston is 150 cm2. What load can be lifted on the larger
    piston? The specific weight of the liquid in the jack is 9.81 x 103 N/m3
    Solution:
    F1 = PA1

    850 = P (15/10000) P = 5.667 X 105 N/m2


    F2 = PA2
    F2 = 5.667 X 105 N/m2 X (150/10000) F2 = 8500 N

    Mass of lifted =

    Mass of lifted = = 866.5 kg

    FLUID PRESSURE MEASUREMENT & MANOMETERS


    Pabs = Pgage + Patm

    Absolute pressure:when u
    take car tyre pressure , blood
    pressure there is no such
    absolute pressure,it is the
    sum of both
    Gauge pressure for example the car tyre presure read as gauge pressure ,it read zero
    when the tyre is empty but amtospheric pressure will be there, gauge pressure is
    positive for presure above atmospheric and negative for pressure below it
    Barometric pressure also known as atmospheric pressure

    1mmof Hg=133.433kn/m3
    598 mm of Hg=0.598x133.433kn/m2

    Gauge pressure

    For Measuring atmospheric pressure


    Manometer is a device to measure pressure
    Types of manometer: 1. piezometer 2. u-tube manometer
    Pressure at point D is atmospheric pr it is opened to atmosphere
    For water
    Specific weight=ρ*g
    Pa=N/m2

    For water= 1000x9.81x0.4= 3924 Pa= 4.924 kN/m2

    For Oil = 7.9x1000x0.4= 3160 Pa = 3.16 kN/m2


    Ρ=1mm of hg=13.6x1000 kn/m3
    -50mm=-0.05m
    G=9.81
    Ύwater=62.4lb/ft3
    Ύoil=57lb/f3
    Ύhg=847lb/ft3
    1 psi=1lb/in2 *144in2/ft2=lb/ft2

    s.g= ρf/ ρw
    1PSI=144lb/ft2
    3.05= ρf/1.94
    ρf=3.05*1.94=5.917
    p=5.917*32*h=189h
    Density conversion from SI TO
    BG SYSTEM=1.94*10-3
    ACCELERATION DUE TO
    GRAVITY CONVERSION FROM
    SI TO BG SYSTEM (g) =32
    Area for circle=πR2

    Ixc from table for circle


    Ύfor water in BG system=62.4 lb/ft3
    hc=9+6/2=12 ft, A=π/4( D) 2
    Ύfor water in BG system=62.4 lb/ft3
    Rectangular plate so shape is rectangle

    A=6X5 ft2 hc=ycsinθ Yc=10+6/2)=13

    Ixc=

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