Finding Answers Through Data Collection: Session 4

Session 4:
Finding Answers through Data

Collection
SHS Mass Training of Teachers, Practical Research 2
Finding Answers through Data Collection
Standards and Competencies
Content Standards: The learner Learning Competencies
demonstrates understanding of: The learner…
(1) data collection procedures and 1. Collects data using appropriate
skills using varied instruments; (2) instruments
data processing, organizing, and
analysis. 2. Presents and interprets data in
tabular and graphical forms
Performance Standards: The
learner is able to gather and 3. Use statistical techniques to analyze
analyze data with intellectual data – study of differences and
honesty, using suitable techniques relationships limited for bivariate
analysis
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Chapter Content
Chapter IV
PRESENTATION AND ANALYSIS
OF DATA
In reporting the results, the researcher stays close to the

statistical findings without drawing broader implications or
meaning from them. Further, this section includes summaries
of the data rather than the raw data (e.g., the actual scores for
individuals). A results section include tables, figures, and
detailed explanations about the statistical results
Before writing this section,
 Rewrite Chapters 1-3 before or after data
analysis and before writing Chapter 4.
 Rewrite Chapters in past tense, wherever
applicable, and make corrections for actual data
collection and data analysis procedures.
Rewriting
Initial
Chapters
1 Score the data (Coding)
2 Select a statistical program
(e.g. SPSS).
3 Input the data
4 Clean and account for missing
data.
Assigning a numeric
score to each response
Preparing category for each
question in the
Data for instrument used
Analysis
1 Describe trends in the data to a single
variable or question on your instrument.
2 Compare two or more groups on the
independent variable in terms of the
dependent variable.
3 Relate two or more variables.
4 Test hypothesis about the differences in the
How to Analyze groups or the relationships of variables.
Quantitative
Data
In writing this chapter,
 Label section headings based on research
questions and follow their sequence
 Determine parts of the data you collected that
focused on each of the variables. One
subsection should be devoted to presenting
data relevant to each variable. Use tables and
graphs in presenting statistical data.
 Put greater emphasis on significant results.
How to Results that are sidelights should not receive
equal weight.
State
Results
 Do not state any differences were present
between groups unless a significant p-value is
attached.
 Do not comment on results.
 Select statistics and place them in the most
reasonable order
 Include
• tables, graphs, figures for quantitative study
• statistical results of hypotheses tested
How to • possible explanations of unexpected results
• Implications of results to existing situation
State
Results
Quantitative data are organized & summarized in
tables and figures.
Information shown in tables and figures is
elaborated in the text.
Present results of hypothesis test in tables using
statistical format, e.g., t value and level of
significance (p-value).
Tables and
Figures
Distribution of Grade 4 Students’ Level of
Reading Skill
To compare 9
proportions and 14
relative amounts
(How big?), use a pie
chart, a horizontal
bar chart, or a table
Choosing
27
Frustration Instructional Independent

Graph
Types
Distribution of Learners by Reading Level over the course of the Intervention Program
27
26
25 25
19
16
14
13
12
9
8
6
Choosing Start of the Program Week 1 Week 2 Week 3
Graph
Frustration Instructional Independent
Types To show trends (How do things change over time?), use

a column chart or line graph
Grade 4 Learners’ Reading Test Scores and Hours Spent on
Reading per Week
14
Hours Spent on Reading per Week

12
10
0
0 5 10 15 20 25 30
Choosing Reading Test Score
Graph To show correlations (how well does one thing predict

Types another?), use a scatterplot or multiplot chart.
Enrich and support quantitative analysis
with qualitative data analysis using selected
quotes/utterances & observed behavior of
subjects.
Results of
Hypothesis
Testing
Compare results of present study with
related studies, as follows:
This result
is consistent with or similar to that of… (related
study)
Results of
contradicts/opposes that of… (related study)
Related
Studies
Needed especially when results are not
those expected by researcher.
Cite all things that happened that may have
affected findings.
Look at limitations of the study, e.g., in
sampling, instrumentation, intervention, and
data collection.
Possible
Explanations
 Was the conduct of research not implemented
as planned? Were there deviations from planned
procedure?
 Was dosage or duration of experiment of
intervention sufficient?
 Was there a contamination of comparison
group?
 Are there characteristics of sample that
affected the results?
 Were there issues with the instruments’ validity
Possible and reliability? in test administration?
Explanations  Was there any instance of resistance of sample
to intervention?
If some or all findings are different from
expected, have a section on re-
conceptualized framework at end of Chapter
4 and make diagram of re-conceptualized
framework.
Starting with text, cite figure (diagram) of re-
conceptualized framework. Explain changes
vis-à-vis Conceptual Framework of the
Re-conceptualized Study.
Framework
WORKSHOP, CHAPTER FOUR
PRESENTATION AND
ANALYSIS OF DATA
Come up with a fabricated data for your research based on
your Statement of the Problem and write briefly this chapter

Finding Answers Through Data Collection: Session 4

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Session 4:

Finding Answers through Data

In reporting the results, the researcher stays close to the

Frustration Instructional Independent

Choosing Start of the Program Week 1 Week 2 Week 3

Types To show trends (How do things change over time?), use

Hours Spent on Reading per Week

Choosing Reading Test Score

Graph To show correlations (how well does one thing predict

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