Lyme disease

FACTORS
• Age
• Gender MODE OF TRASMISSION
• Race • Direct contact
• Geographical location • Tick bite
• Envitonmental

Immune response
• Spirochete lipoproteins
triggers production of
macrophage-derived
cytokines that enhances Screening test :
immune response • IFA
• EIA
Laboratory
Diagnosis Confirmatory Testing:
Clinical Manifestation
• erythema migrans • Western Blot
• flulike symptoms • PCR
• right upper quadrant
tenderness
• mild hepatitis
• acute cardiac
• neurologic disease
• arthritis

STAGES OF LYME
DISEASE

Primary Secondary Tertiary

Yor, Stephen Klent C.
SYPHYLIS
BSMT 3-1

FACTORS
• Age
• Behavior Treponema pallidum

Coats itself with host proteins to delay

MODE OF TRASMISSION the immune response against pathogen
• Direct contact
• Sexual transmission
• Perinatal/ Vertical Transmission
(mother to fetus) Nontreponemal test(screening):
• Detects antibodies to
Venereal Disease Research
cardiolipin(lipoidal
Laboratory (VDRL) test
antigens)
• rapid plasma reagin (RPR) test
Laboratory Diagnosis

Treponemal Tests(Confirmatory):
• Manual:
STAGES OF
CONGENITAL SPHYLIS • fluorescent treponemal antibody
SYPHYLIS • hemorrhagic rhinitis absorption (FTA-ABS) test
• Skin eruptions( maculopapular rash)
• generalized lymphadenopathy • particle agglutination (PA)
• hepatosplenomegaly, jaundice • T pallidum particle agglutination
Primary Secondary Latent Tertiary • anemia (TP-PA)
• painful limbs Detects antibodies to
• bone abnormalities • Automated T pallidum
• Presence of • Primary lesion is • Gummatoussy
• Enzyme immunoassays (EIAs)
• lack of clinical
chancre on present (Chancre) symptoms philis • chemiluminescent immunoassays
Male: outside of • Lymphadenopath
the penis and y
• noninfectious at • cardiovascular (CLIA)
this time( except
Women:vagina • disease
or on the cervix •
malaise
fever
Pregnant women)
• neurosyphilis.
• multiplex flow immunoassays
• lasts from 1 to 6 •
weeks •
pharyngitis;
skin and mucous
(MFI)
membranes rash
• visual
disturbances
• hearing loss,
tinnitus
• facial weakness
 Yor, Stephen Klent C.
BSMT 3-1
FACTORS
• Age Components
• Gender • B cells
• Environmental • T cells
• Genetic abnormalities and
susceptibility

Immune response
• Increase production of
autoantibodies

Clinical Signs and

Symptoms
• fatigue, weight loss,
malaise, fever, and
• Anorexia
• Butterfly rash
ANTIBODY TESTING:
• Fluorescent antinuclear antibody
(FANA) testing
• Microsphere Multiplex Immunoassay
Laboratory Diagnosis (MIA).
• Immunofluorescence Using Crithidia
luciliae
• ELISA and CLIA
Systemic Lupus • Ouchterlony test.
Erythematosus
 Components Yor, Stephen Klent C.
• T and B lymphocytes BSMT 3-1
plasma cells
FACTORS • dendritic cells
• Age • mast cells
• Gender • granulocytes

Immune response
• Infiltration of cell components in the
inflamed synovium
• Growth of inflammatory granulation
tissue between joint and cartilage

Clinical Signs and

Symptoms
• Malaise
• fatigue Manual Testing(Antibody):
• Fever • agglutination tests using charcoal or
• weight loss latex particles coated with IgG
• transient joint pain

Laboratory Diagnosis

Automated Testing(Antibody):
Rheumatic Arthritis • ELISA
• Chemiluminescence immunoassay
• Nephelometric methods
 Yor, Stephen Klent C.
Components BSMT 3-1
FACTORS • Thyroid hormones
• Age • B cells
• Gender • T cells
• Environmental • APCs
• infections,
• medications
• smoking
• psychological stress Immune response
pregnancy • Loss of immunological tolerance and share the
presence of cell and humoral immune
• Genetic
response against antigens that leads to tissue
injury in autoimmune thyroid disease

Clinical Signs and Symptoms

• chronic lymphocytic thyroiditis
• Hypothyroidism
• dry skin, decreased sweating, puffy face with edematous
eyelids, pallor with a yellow tinge, weight gain, fatigue,
and dry and brittle hair
• Hyperthyroidism
• Nervousness, insomnia, depression, weight loss, heat
intolerance, sweating, rapid heartbeat, palpitations,
breathlessness, fatigue, cardiac dysrhythmias, and
restlessness

Automated Testing(Antibody):
Laboratory Diagnosis • ELISA
• Chemiluminescence immunoassay

Autoimmune
Thyroid Diseases
Yor, Stephen Klent C.
BSMT 3-1 Components
• Beta cells
• B Lymphocyte cells
FACTORS • T lymphocyte cells
• Age • APCs
• Gender
• Genetic
• Pregnancy
Immune response
• Inflammation of the islets of Langerhans in the pancrease leads to
fibrosis and destruction of most beta cells.
• autoimmunity to insulin itself may be central to disease pathogenesis is
likely caused by apoptosis and attack by cytotoxic lymphocytes.

Clinical Signs and Symptoms

• Increased thirst.
• Frequent urination.
• Bed-wetting in children who previously didn't wet the bed during
the night.
• Extreme hunger. Automated
• Unintended weight loss. Testing(Antibody/antibodies):
• Irritability and other mood changes. • radio-immunoprecipitation assays,
• Fatigue and weakness. Western
• Blurred vision. • blotting, ELISA, and mass spectrometry

Laboratory Diagnosis

type 1 Diabetes Other test :

• fasting glucose
Mellitus • random plasma glucose
• an oral glucose tolerance test
• Hemoglobin A1c
 Yor, Stephen Klent C.
Components BSMT 3-1
• APCs
FACTORS • B cells
• Age • T cells
• Gender
• Environmental
• Genetic Immune response
• Medical condition • Immunogenic peptides are generated that specifically react with
HLA-DQ2 or HLA-DQ8 molecules on APCs.
• peptides that are picked up by the APC are presented to antigen-
specific CD4+ T cells,
• produce cytokines that activate CD8+ T cells and trigger
inflammatory response
• damages the architecture of the intestinal mucosa and causes
injury to the villi

Clinical Signs and Symptoms

• Diarrhea and abdominal distention
• Vomiting
• irritability
• anorexia
• Constipation
• short stature
• arthritis or arthralgia
• Osteoporosis Antibody/Antigen
• neurological Symptoms Testing:
• iron-deficiency anemia
• dermatitis
• ELISA
• herpetiformis • Rapid EIA

Laboratory Diagnosis

HLA TYPING

Celiac Disease
 Yor, Stephen Klent C.
Components BSMT 3-1
FACTORS • Macrophages
• Age • Microglial cells
• B cells
• Gender • T cells
• Environmental
• reduced exposure to
sunlight
• vitamin D deficiency
• cigarette smoking
• Genetic •
Immune response
cell–dependent inflammatory demyelination of the CNS. Inflammatory
demyelination caused by T lymphocytes induces B lymphocytes to
produce antimyelin antibodie

Clinical Signs and Symptoms

• visual disturbances
• weakness or diminished dexterity in one or more limbs
• Locomotor incoordination
• dizziness,
• facial palsy
• sensory abnormalities

ANTIGEN/ANTIBODY TESTING:
• Oligoclonal IgG band pattern by CSF
electrophoresis
Laboratory Diagnosis • Quantification of CSF IgG and albumin
concentrations
• Interpretation of CSF indices

Multiple Sclerosis
Yor, Stephen Klent C.
BSMT 3-1
Components
• B cells
• T cells
FACTORS • APCs
• Age
• Gender
• Environmental Immune response
• Genetic • ACH is released from nerve endings to generate an action
potential that causes the muscle fiber to contract.
• antibody combines with the receptor site, binding of ACH is
thought to be blocked.
• antibody interact with complement to damage the
postsynaptic muscle membrane and can promote rapid
endocytosis of the ACHRs that reduces numbers on the
muscle cell membranes.

Clinical Signs and Symptoms

• impaired ocular muscle motility and lid weakness.
• dysarthria, dysphagia and difficulty in handling secretions
• dyspnea that can lead to respiratory failure
• muscles of the extremities and trunk weakness

Antibody/Antigen testing:
• Radioimmunoprecipitation (RIPA) assay
Laboratory Diagnosis • immunofluorescence cell-based assays
• ELISA
• luciferase immunoprecipitation
• fluorescence immunoprecipitation
Myasthenia assays (FIPA)
Gravis
 Yor, Stephen Klent C.
Components BSMT 3-1
• B cells
• T cells
FACTORS • APCs
• Age
• Gender
• Environmental •
Immune response
Autoantibodies against the noncollagenous domain of the alpha-3 chain of type IV
• Genetic •
collagen.
Autoantibody reacts with collagen in the glomerular or alveolar basement
membranes that causes damage by type ii hypersensitivity
• Complement binding to the immune deposits attracts neutrophils, which mediate
injury to the membranes by releasing chemically reactive oxygencontaining
• Molecules and proteolytic enzymes.
• Immune reactants progressively destroy the renal tubular, glomerular,
• And pulmonary alveolar basement membranes that keads to loss of membrane
• Integrity

Clinical Signs and Symptoms

• fatigue
• malaise
• edema
• hypertension
• chronic renal failure
• Cough
• shortness of breath
• hemoptysis

Antibody/Antigen:
• IIF,
Laboratory Diagnosis • ELISA
• Western blot

Goodpasture’s Syndrome