Fire Safety

FIRE SAFETY
Fire Triangle
OX
YG
AT
EN
HE
FUEL
The old diagram of a fire comprised three

components: Fuel, oxygen, and heat.
Remove any one of the three, and the fire
would die. However, research has lead to
the addition of an equally important forth
component: a self-sustaining chemical
chain reaction.
Fire Tetrahedron
Each component of the tetrahedron must be

in place for combustion to occur. Remove one
of the four components and combustion will
not occur. If ignition has already occurred, the
fire is extinguished when one of the
components is removed or consumed from
the reaction.
The 4 components of fire:
• Oxidizing Agent ( Any of the various
gases that supports combustions)
Represents one of the necessary

components of fire an oxidizing agent
(typically oxygen).
• Reducing Agent ( Any material that is
reducible to combustible materials, becoming
fuels)
The material is reduce able through heat action

(pyrolysis) into component parts such as
carbon monoxide, hydrogen, alcohol, etc. These
are the fuels of fire.
• Heat, from with-in or without the material
Heat, which could be from any source

( electrical, chemical, nuclear, or mechanical,
in form of friction).
• Self-sustaining chemical chain-reaction
The interaction of the other three

ingredients. The reaction will continue until
one of the components is no longer
present either because it has consumed to
the reaction or removed to stop the fire.
Transmission of Heat
Conduction: the point-to-point
transmission of heat energy.
Convection: The transfer of heat

energy by the movement of
heated liquid or gases.
Radiation : The transmission of

energy as an electromagnetic
wave ( such as light waves, radio
waves, or X rays) without an
intervening medium.
Methods of Fire
Extinguishment
Temperature Reduction
Extinguish a fire by reducing its

temperature, enough water must be
applied to the burning fuel to absorb the
heat being generated by combustion.
Fuel Removal
The fuel source maybe removed by

stopping the flow of liquid or gaseous fuel
of by removing solid fuel in the path of a
fire. Another method of fuel removal is to
allow a fire to burn until all fuel is
consumed.
Oxygen Exclusion
Reducing the oxygen available to the

combustion process reduces a fire
growth and may totally extinguish it
over time.
Chemical Flame Inhibition
Extinguishing agents such as some dry

chemical and halogenated agents ( Halons)
interrupt the combustion reaction and stop
flaming.
Fire Classification
Class A fires involve ordinary combustibles
materials such as wood, cloth, paper,
rubber, and many plastic. Water is used to
cool or quench the burning material below
its ignition temperature.
Class B fires involve flammable and
combustible liquids and gases such as
gasoline, oil, lacquer, paint, mineral
spirits and alcohol. The smothering or
blanking effect of oxygen exclusion is
most effective for extinguishment and
also helps reduce the production of
additional vapors.
Fires involving energized electrical
equipment are Class C fires. Household
appliances, computers, transformers,
and overhead transmission lines are
examples. These fires can sometimes
be controlled by no conducting
extinguishing agent such as halon, dry
chemical, or carbon dioxide.
Class D fires involves combustible metals
such as aluminum, magnesium, titanium,
zirconium, sodium, and potassium. These
materials are particularly hazardous in
their powdered form. The extremely high
temperature of some burning metals
makes water and other common
extinguishing agents ineffective.
CLASS K
• Is a new classification of fire as of 1998 and
involves fires in combustible cooking fuels
such as vegetable or animal oils and fats.
• Its fuels are similar to Class B fuels but
involves high temperature cooking oils and
therefore have special characteristics.
• Class K agents are usually wet chemicals.
CLASS E
• Fires involving high voltage electrical

installation and bulk LPG.
• This class of fire needs special fire

fighting operation by trained
personnel.
PORTABLE FIRE
EXTINGUISHERS
• It is a handy first aid firefighting equipment.

TWO TYPES OF FIRE
EXTINGUISHERS
• Cartridge type
 Stored pressure type

Water Fire Extinguisher
Air-Pressurized Water (APW) are useful

for all types of small Class A Fires.
CO2 Fire Extinguisher
Carbon dioxide (CO2) extinguishers are

found as both handheld units and
wheeled units. CO2 extinguishers are
effective in extinguishing Class B and
Class C fires.
Dry Chemical (ABC) Fire
Extinguishers
Dry chemical extinguishers are among the

most common portable fire extinguishers in
use today (Sodium bicarbonate, potassium
bicarbonate, Urea- potassium bicarbonate,
Potassium chloride or Mono ammonium
phosphate)
AFFF Fire Extinguisher
Aqueous film forming foam (AFFF)

extinguishers suitable for Class A and Class
B fires. They are useful in combating fires
or suppressing vapors on small liquid fuel
spills.
Combustible Metal Fire
Extinguisher
Class D fire extinguishers also uses

dry powder depending on metal fuel
fire but the active agent commonly
used is sodium chloride plus flow
enhancers.
P.A.S.S Method
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FIRE SAFETY

The old diagram of a fire comprised three

Each component of the tetrahedron must be

Represents one of the necessary

The material is reduce able through heat action

Heat, which could be from any source

The interaction of the other three

Convection: The transfer of heat

Radiation : The transmission of

Extinguish a fire by reducing its

The fuel source maybe removed by

Reducing the oxygen available to the

Extinguishing agents such as some dry

• Fires involving high voltage electrical

• This class of fire needs special fire

• It is a handy first aid firefighting equipment.

 Stored pressure type

Air-Pressurized Water (APW) are useful

Carbon dioxide (CO2) extinguishers are

Dry chemical extinguishers are among the

Aqueous film forming foam (AFFF)

Class D fire extinguishers also uses

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