Computer Architecture & Organization

COMPUTER ARCHITECTURE &
ORGANIZATION
WHAT IS A COMPUTER?
• An electronic device that accepts data and processes it into useful information is called a
Computer.
FUNCTIONALITIES OF A COMPUTER
• Takes data as input.

• Stores the data/instructions in its memory and uses them as required.
• Processes the data and converts it into useful information.
• Generates the output.
• Controls all the above four steps.

TYPES OF COMPUTER
 Super Computer
 a high-level performance computer to the general purpose.
 Used for scientific and engineering applications to handle extensive databases.
 Multicourse processors and Graphics processing unit (GPUs) are used
 supercomputer performs parallel processing.
Fugaku, Japan, is the the world's fastest

supercomputer
PARAM-Siddhi AI
India's newest and fastest supercomputer,
TYPES OF COMPUTER
Mainframe Computer
mainly used in large organizations.
 introduced in the 1960s and developed by Seymour Cray,
used for complicated applications to process a large amount of data.
the vast computer and take space of the entire room or the whole floor.
run multiple operating systems at the same time.
used for online data storage, transaction process in banking and airlines etc.
TYPES OF COMPUTER
Mini Computer
 shorter than the mainframe computer in size.
developed in the mid of 1960s and developed by IBM Corporation
multi-user systems, where users can work simultaneously.
Perform time-sharing, batch processing, and online processing.
The size of mini computers range from 12 inches in width to less than 7,
 The tablet, PC, desktop mini-computers, cell phones, notebooks, high-end mp3
players, etc. are the types of mini-computers.
TYPES OF COMPUTERS
• Micro Computers
• The Hewlett-Packard (HP) developed the microcomputer in 1970.
• The microcomputer is also known as the device based on the single-chip microprocessor,
• computers are smaller than mainframe or mini-computer.
• The microcomputers contain the memory in the form of read-only memory (ROM), and random access
memory (RAM).
GENERATION OF COMPUTER
FIRST GENERATION
• The period of first generation was from 1946-1959.

• used vacuum tubes as the basic components for memory and circuitry for CPU (Central
Processing Unit).
• Batch processing operating system was used.
• Punch cards, paper tape, and magnetic tape was used as input and output devices.
• used machine code as the programming language.
FIRST GENERATION
• The main features of the first generation are −

• Vacuum tube technology
• Unreliable
• Supported machine language only
• Very costly
• Generated a lot of heat
• Slow input and output devices
• Huge size
• Need of AC
• Non-portable
• Consumed a lot of electricity
FIRST GENERATION
• Some computers of this generation were −
• ENIAC
• EDVAC
• UNIVAC
• IBM-701
• IBM-650
SECOND GENERATION
• The period of second generation was from 1959-1965.

• transistors were used that were cheaper, consumed less power, more compact in size, more
reliable and faster than the first generation machines made of vacuum tubes.
• magnetic cores were used as the primary memory and magnetic tape and magnetic disks as
secondary storage devices
SECOND GENERATION
• In this generation, assembly language and high-level programming languages like FORTRAN,
COBOL were used.
• The computers used batch processing and multiprogramming operating system
FEATURES OF SECOND GENERATION
• Use of transistors
• Reliable in comparison to first generation computers
• Smaller size as compared to first generation computers
• Generated less heat as compared to first generation computers
• Consumed less electricity as compared to first generation computers
• Faster than first generation computers
• Still very costly
• AC required
• Supported machine and assembly languages
SECOND GENERATION COMPUTERS
• IBM 1620
• IBM 7094
• CDC 1604
• CDC 3600
• UNIVAC 1108
THIRD GENERATION
• The period of third generation was from 1965-1971.

• The computers of third generation used Integrated Circuits (ICs) in place of transistors.
• A single IC has many transistors, resistors, and capacitors along with the associated circuitry.
THIRD GENERATION
• The IC was invented by Jack Kilby.

• This development made computers smaller in size, reliable, and efficient.
• In this generation remote processing, time-sharing, multiprogramming operating system were
used.
• High-level languages (FORTRAN-II TO IV, COBOL, PASCAL PL/1, BASIC, ALGOL-68 etc.)
were used during this generation.
FEATURES OF THIRD GENERATION
• IC used
• More reliable in comparison to previous two generations
• Smaller size
• Generated less heat
• Faster
• Lesser maintenance
• Costly
• AC required
• Consumed lesser electricity
• Supported high-level language
THIRD GENERATION- COMPUTERS
• IBM-360 series
• Honeywell-6000 series
• PDP (Personal Data Processor)
• IBM-370/168
• TDC-316
FOURTH GENERATION
• The period of fourth generation was from 1971-1980.

• Computers of fourth generation used Very Large Scale Integrated (VLSI) circuits.
• VLSI circuits having about 5000 transistors and other circuit elements with their associated
circuits on a single chip made it possible to have microcomputers of fourth generation.
FOURTH GENERATION
• Fourth generation computers became more powerful, compact, reliable, and affordable.
• As a result, it gave rise to Personal Computer (PC) revolution.
• In this generation, time sharing, real time networks, distributed operating system were used.
• All the high-level languages like C, C++, DBASE etc., were used in this generation.
FEATURES OF FOURTH GENERATION
• VLSI technology used

• Very cheap
• Portable and reliable
• Use of PCs
• Very small size
• Pipeline processing
• No AC required
• Concept of internet was introduced
• Great developments in the fields of networks
• Computers became easily available
FOURTH GENERATION COMPUTERS
• DEC 10
• STAR 1000
• PDP 11
• CRAY-1(Super Computer)
• CRAY-X-MP(Super Computer)
FIFTH GENERATION
• The period of fifth generation is 1980-till date.

• VLSI technology became ULSI (Ultra Large Scale Integration) technology,
FEATURES OF FIFTH GENERATION
• ULSI technology
• Development of true artificial intelligence
• Development of Natural language processing
• Advancement in Parallel Processing
• Advancement in Superconductor technology
• More user-friendly interfaces with multimedia features
• Availability of very powerful and compact computers at cheaper rates
FIFTH GENERATION COMPUTERS
• Desktop
• Laptop
• NoteBook
• UltraBook
• ChromeBook
LAYER OF COMPUTER SYSTEM
LAYERS OF COMPUTER SYSTEM
• layer 1: Information
• Information is recoded and managed using 0 and 1, two simplest digits.
• Zeros and ones are fundamental particles of the computing world, the way how computers record information.
• Layer 2: Hardware
• Hardware is like organs of human beings, supporting computers to carry out functions and be alive.
• Think about devices such as gates and circuits.
• They are “blood vessels”of computers which control the flow of electricity.
• Central Processing Unit and memory are more like head of the computers, giving out orders and keeping
information.
LAYERS OF COMPUTER SYSTEM
• Layer 3: programming
• The programing layer is about software.
• The hardware of computers is capable of solving problems, or computing
• Software are solutions, or instructions for hardware to follow.
• First generation of softwares used machine language, or binary language–simply zeroes and
ones.
• high-level languages like Java to write programs that are much more user friendly.
LAYER OF COMPUTER SYSTEM
• Layer 4: Operating Systems

• operating systems were invented to help manage the resources of computers. Examples are windows,
Linux, Mac OX, Android, and IOS.Layer
• Layer 5: Application
• Applications are aggregation of distinct programs to solve a complicate problem.
• Layer 6: Communication
• The World Wide Web or Internet makes communication possible and easy.
• With Internet, it is not just one computer in front of us, but millions of computer all around the globe.

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COMPUTER ARCHITECTURE &

• Takes data as input.

Fugaku, Japan, is the the world's fastest

• The period of first generation was from 1946-1959.

• The main features of the first generation are −

• The period of second generation was from 1959-1965.

• The period of third generation was from 1965-1971.

• The IC was invented by Jack Kilby.

• The period of fourth generation was from 1971-1980.

• VLSI technology used

• The period of fifth generation is 1980-till date.

• Layer 4: Operating Systems

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