Management Information System (M.I.S.)

Management Information System
( M.I.S. )
1
Information Systems
 Why Do People Need Information?
 Individuals - Entertainment and enlightenment
 Businesses - Decision making, problem solving

and control
2
Data, Information, and Systems
 Data vs. Information
 Data
 A “given,” or fact; a number, a statement, or a
picture
 Represents something in the real world
 The raw materials in the production of
information
 Information
 Data that have meaning within a context
 Data in relationships
 Data after manipulation
3
 Data Manipulation
 Example: customer survey

 Reading through data collected from a customer
survey with questions in various categories would be
time-consuming and not very helpful.
 When manipulated, the surveys may provide useful
information.
4
 Generating Information
 Computer-based ISs take data as raw material, process it, and
produce information as output.
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Figure 1.1 Input-process-output
 Information in Context Figure 1.2 Characteristics of useful information
Information must pertain to the problem at hand. For

example, the total no. of years of education may not be
relevant to a person’s qualifications for a new job. Relevant
information might be that the person has so many years of
education in mechanical engineering, and so many years of
experience. The information must also be presented in a
way that helps a person understand it in a specific context.
Partial Information is often worse than no information.
For example, marketing data about household incomes may
lead to bad decisions if not accompanied by vital
information on the consumption habits of the targeted
population.
Erroneous information may lead to disastrous decisions.
For example , an inaccurate record of a patient’s reaction
to penicillin may lead a doctor to harm the patient while 6
believing that she is helping him.
 Information in Context Figure 1.2 Characteristics of useful information
Decisions are often based upon the latest information
available, but what was a fact yesterday may no longer be
one today. For example, a short-term investment decision
to purchase a stock today based on yesterday’s stock
prices may be a costly mistake if the stock’s price has
risen in the interim.
In a business setting, the cost of obtaining information
must be considered as one cost element involved in any
decision. For example, demand for a new product must
be researched to reduce risk of marketing failure, but if
market research is too expensive, the cost of obtaining
the information may diminish profit from sales.
7
 What Is a System?
 System: A set of components that work together to
achieve a common goal
 Subsystem: One part of a system where the products of

more than one system are combined to reach an
ultimate goal
 Closed system: Stand-alone system that has no contact

with other systems
 Open system: System that interfaces with other systems
8
Figure 1.3 Several subsystems make up this corporate accounting system. 9

 Information and Managers
 Systems thinking
 Creates a framework for problem solving and
decision making.
 Keeps managers focused on overall goals and
operations of business.
10
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Figure 1.5 Qualities of humans and computers that contribute to synergy
 The Benefits of Human-Computer Synergy
 Synergy
 When combined resources produce output that
exceeds the sum of the outputs of the same
resources employed separately
 Allows human thought to be translated into

efficient processing of large amounts of data
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Figure 1.6 Components of an information system 13

 The Four Stages of Data Processing
 Input: Data is collected and entered into computer.
 Data processing: Data is manipulated into information

using mathematical, statistical, and other tools.
 Output: Information is displayed or presented.
 Storage: Data and information are maintained for

later use.
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Why Study IS?
 Information Systems Careers
 Systems analyst, specialist in enterprise resource planning (ERP),
database administrator, telecommunications specialist,
consulting, etc.
 Knowledge Workers
 Managers and non-managers
 Employers seek computer-literate professionals who know how to
use information technology.
 Computer Literacy Replacing Traditional
Literacy
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Ethical and Societal Issues
The Not-So-Bright Side
 Consumer Privacy
 Organizations collect (and sometimes sell)
huge amounts of data on individuals.
 Employee Privacy
 IT supports remote monitoring of employees,
violating privacy and creating stress.
MIS 715 Eaton Fall 2001 16

Ethical and Societal Issues
The Not-So-Bright Side
 Freedom of Speech
 IT increases opportunities for hate speech, intellectual
property crime, and other intrusions; prevention may
abridge free speech.
 IT Professionalism
 No mandatory or enforced code of ethics for IT
professionals--unlike other professions.
 Social Inequality
 Less than 20% of the world’s population have ever
used a PC; less than 3% have Internet access. 17

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Management Information System

 Why Do People Need Information?

 Individuals - Entertainment and enlightenment

 Businesses - Decision making, problem solving

 Example: customer survey

Information must pertain to the problem at hand. For

 Subsystem: One part of a system where the products of

 Closed system: Stand-alone system that has no contact

 Open system: System that interfaces with other systems

Figure 1.3 Several subsystems make up this corporate accounting system. 9

 The Benefits of Human-Computer Synergy

 Allows human thought to be translated into

Figure 1.6 Components of an information system 13

 The Four Stages of Data Processing

 Input: Data is collected and entered into computer.

 Data processing: Data is manipulated into information

 Output: Information is displayed or presented.

 Storage: Data and information are maintained for

MIS 715 Eaton Fall 2001 16

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