Lecture # 08: Class: BBA 5 Credit Hours

MANAGEMENT INFORMATION SYSTEM
e # 08
Lectur
Rahmat Ullah Khan Niazi
Class : BBA 5th

Credit Hours (3)
01/05/2021 1
After studying, you will be able to
understand the following
File Organization Trends and Concepts
Database Approach to Data Management
 Database Management Systems (DBMS)
 Types of Databases
Creating Database Environment
 Designing Databases
Database Trends
2 01/05/2021
Organizing Data in a Traditional File
Environment
File Organization Terms and Concepts
Bit: Smallest unit of data; binary digit (0,1)

Byte: Group of bits that represents a single character
Field: Group of words or complete number
Record: Group of related fields
File: Group of records of the same type
Organizing Data in a Traditional File Environment
The Hierarchy of Data

Common data types include:
Text Numeric AutoNumber Currency
Date Yes/No Hyperlink Attachment
4
File Organization Terms and Concepts
Database: Group of related files

Entity: Person, place, thing, or event about which information
must be kept
Attribute: A piece of information describing a particular entity
Key field: Field that uniquely identifies every record in a file
The data hierarchy
Figure 7-1
The Hierarchy of Data
Data is organized in layers

 Files, records, fields, characters
7
Entities and attributes
Figure 7-2
Traditional file processing
Figure 7-3
Problems with the Traditional File Environment
Data redundancy
Program-data dependence
Lack of flexibility
Poor security
Lack of data-sharing and availability
The Database Approach to Data Management
Database Management Systems
Database
Collection of centralized data

Controls redundant data
Data stored so as to appear to users in one location
Services multiple application
The contemporary database environment
Figure 7-4
Database Management System (DBMS)

Creates and maintains databases
Eliminates requirement for data definition statements
Acts as interface between application programs and
physical data files
Separates logical and physical views of data
Three Components to a DBMS

1. Data definition language:
Formal language programmers use to specify structure of
database
2. Data manipulation language:
For extracting data from database, e.g. SQL
3. Data dictionary:
Tool for storing, organizing definitions of data elements and data
characteristics
How a DBMS Solves Problems of a

Traditional File Environment
Reduces data redundancy
Eliminates data inconsistency
Uncouples programs from data
Increases access and availability of data
Allows central management of data, data use, and
security
Types of Databases
Relational DBMS
Represents data as two-dimensional tables called relations
Relates data across tables based on common data element

Examples:
 DB2, Oracle, MS SQL Server for large mainframes and midrange computers
 Microsoft Access for common desktop computers
The relational data model
Figure 7-6
Types of Databases
Three Basic Operations in a Relational Database

Select:
 Creates subset of rows that meet specific criteria
Join:
 Combines relational tables to provide users with information
Project:
 Enables users to create new tables containing only relevant information
The three basic operations of a relational DBMS
Figure 7-7
Types of Databases
Hierarchical DBMS
Older system presenting data in tree-like structure

Models one-to-many parent-child relationships
Found in large legacy systems requiring intensive high-volume
transactions: Banks; insurance companies
Examples: IBMs IMS
A hierarchical database for a human resources system
Figure 7-8
Types of Databases
Network DBMS
Older logical database model

Models many-to-many parent-child relationships
Example:
 Student – course relationship: Each student has many courses;
each course has many students
The network data model
Figure 7-9
Types of Databases
Disadvantages of Hierarchical and

Network DBMS
Outdated
Less flexible compared to RDBMS
Lack support for ad-hoc and English language-like
queries
Types of Databases
Object-Oriented Databases (OODBMS)
Stores data and procedures as objects

Better able to handle graphics and recursive data
Data models more flexible
Slower than RDBMS
Hybrid: object-relational DBMS
Creating a Database Environment
Designing Databases
Two Design Exercises in Creating Database
Conceptual (logical) design: Abstract model of

database from business perspective
Physical design: How the database is actually arranged
on direct access storage devices
Designing Databases
Conceptual Database Design

Identifies relationships between data elements
Identifies most efficient way to group data elements
Identifies redundant data elements
Identifies grouping of data elements needed for
specific applications
Designing Databases
Entity-Relationship Diagram
A methodology for documenting databases that
illustrates the relationship between various elements in
the database
Normalization
The process of creating small, stable, and adaptive data
structures from complex groups of data when designing
a relational database
An entity-relationship diagram
Figure 7-10
An un-normalized relation for ORDER
Figure 7-11
A normalized relation for ORDER
Figure 7-12
Distributing Databases
Distributed Database
Partitioned or replicated to more than one location
Increases service and responsiveness
Reduces vulnerability of single, massive central site
Depend on telecommunication lines
Pose security risks through distribution of sensitive data
Central data must be updated or justified with local data
Distributed databases
Figure 7-13
Key organizational elements in the database environment
Figure 7-14
Management Requirements for Database Systems

Data Administration
Develop information policy

Define information requirements
Plan for data
Oversee logical database design and database
dictionary development
Monitor use of information
Data Planning and Modeling Methodology
Enterprise-wide planning for data

Identify key entities, attributes, and relationships that
constitute the organization’s data
Database Technology, Management,

and Users
Databases require DBMS software and staff
Database design group defines and organizes structure
and content of database
Database administration: establish physical database,
logical relations, access rules
Database Trends
Data Warehouses and Data mining
Data warehouse:
 Stores current and historical data for reporting, analysis
Data mart:
 Subset of data warehouse with summary of data for specific
users
Data mining:
 Techniques to find hidden patterns, relationships in large
pools of data to infer rules for predicting future trends
Database Trends
Components of a data warehouse
Figure 7-16
Database Trends
Data Warehouses and Data mining
Benefits of Data Warehouses
Improved information and accessibility

Ability to model and remodel data
Enable access to data without affecting performance of
underlying operational legacy systems
Database Trends
Window on Management
Data Reveal New Sales Opportunities
How did the use of data warehouses and data mining

help management at these companies make better
decisions?
What value do these systems provide?
Database Trends
Data Warehouses and

Hypermedia database
Organizes data as network of nodes

Links nodes in pattern specified by user
Supports text, graphic, sound, video and executable
programs
Database Trends
A Hypermedia Database
Figure 7-17
Database Trends
Databases and the Web
Linking Internal Databases to the Web

Database server:
 Hosts DBMS
 Receives SQL requests
 Provides required data
Middleware:
 Works between Web server and DBMS to take requests
 Handles connectivity to database
 Can be application server or CGI scripts

Database Trends
Linking internal databases to the Web
Figure 7-18
Database Trends
Databases and the Web

Advantages to Web Access to Databases
Browser software easy to use; little training

Web interface requires no changes to internal
database
Costs less than custom interfaces
Summary
File Organization Trends and Concepts
Database Approach to Data Management
 Database Management Systems (DBMS)
 Types of Databases
Creating Database Environment
 Designing Databases
Database Trends
47 01/05/2021
Key Terms
DBMS
Normalization
Relational
Networks
Data Model
48 01/05/2021
01/05/2021 49

Lecture # 08: Class: BBA 5 Credit Hours

Uploaded by

Copyright:

Available Formats

Lecture # 08: Class: BBA 5 Credit Hours

Uploaded by

Document Information

Original Title

Copyright

Available Formats

Share this document

Share or Embed Document

Sharing Options

Did you find this document useful?

Is this content inappropriate?

Copyright:

Available Formats

Lecture # 08: Class: BBA 5 Credit Hours

Uploaded by

Copyright:

Available Formats

MANAGEMENT INFORMATION SYSTEM

Rahmat Ullah Khan Niazi

Class : BBA 5th

Bit: Smallest unit of data; binary digit (0,1)

The Hierarchy of Data

Text Numeric AutoNumber Currency

Date Yes/No Hyperlink Attachment

File Organization Terms and Concepts

Database: Group of related files

The data hierarchy

Data is organized in layers

Entities and attributes

Traditional file processing

Problems with the Traditional File Environment

Database Management Systems

Collection of centralized data

The contemporary database environment

Database Management Systems

Database Management System (DBMS)

Database Management Systems

Three Components to a DBMS

Database Management Systems

How a DBMS Solves Problems of a

Relates data across tables based on common data element

The relational data model

Three Basic Operations in a Relational Database

The three basic operations of a relational DBMS

Older system presenting data in tree-like structure

A hierarchical database for a human resources system

Older logical database model

The network data model

Disadvantages of Hierarchical and

Object-Oriented Databases (OODBMS)

Stores data and procedures as objects

Two Design Exercises in Creating Database

Conceptual (logical) design: Abstract model of

Conceptual Database Design

An un-normalized relation for ORDER

A normalized relation for ORDER

Key organizational elements in the database environment

Management Requirements for Database Systems

Develop information policy

Management Requirements for Database Systems

Data Planning and Modeling Methodology

Enterprise-wide planning for data

Management Requirements for Database Systems

Database Technology, Management,

Data Warehouses and Data mining

Components of a data warehouse

Data Warehouses and Data mining

Benefits of Data Warehouses

Improved information and accessibility

How did the use of data warehouses and data mining

Data Warehouses and

Organizes data as network of nodes

Databases and the Web

Linking Internal Databases to the Web

 Can be application server or CGI scripts

Linking internal databases to the Web