Angular Questions

 What is Angular Framework?
Angular is a TypeScript-based open-source front-end platform that makes it easy to build

applications with in web/mobile/desktop. The major features of this framework such as
declarative templates, dependency injection, end to end tooling, and many more other features
are used to ease the development.
 What is the difference between AngularJS and Angular?

Angular is a completely revived component-based framework in which an application is a tree of
individual components.
Some of the major difference in tabular form
AngularJS Angular
It is based on MVC architecture This is based on Service/Controller
Introduced the typescript to write the
This uses use JavaScript to build the application
application
Based on controllers concept This is a component based UI approach
Not a mobile friendly framework Developed considering mobile platform
Difficulty in SEO friendly application
Ease to create SEO friendly applications
development
 What is TypeScript?
TypeScript is a typed superset of JavaScript created by Microsoft that adds optional types,
classes, async/await, and many other features, and compiles to plain JavaScript. Angular built
entirely in TypeScript and used as a primary language. You can install it globally as
npm install -g typescript
Let's see a simple example of TypeScript usage,
function greeter(person: string) {

return "Hello, " + person;
}
let user = "Sudheer";
document.body.innerHTML = greeter(user);
The greeter method allows only string type as argument.
 Write a pictorial diagram of Angular architecture?

The main building blocks of an Angular application is shown in the below diagram
 What are the key components of Angular?

Angular has the below key components,
1. Component: These are the basic building blocks of angular application to control HTML
views.
2. Modules: An angular module is set of angular basic building blocks like component,
directives, services etc. An application is divided into logical pieces and each piece of
code is called as "module" which perform a single task.
3. Templates: This represent the views of an Angular application.
4. Services: It is used to create components which can be shared across the entire
application.
5. Metadata: This can be used to add more data to an Angular class.

 What are directives?
Directives add behaviour to an existing DOM element or an existing component instance.
import { Directive, ElementRef, Input } from '@angular/core';
@Directive({ selector: '[myHighlight]' })

export class HighlightDirective {
constructor(el: ElementRef) {
el.nativeElement.style.backgroundColor = 'yellow';
}
}
Now this directive extends HTML element behavior with a yellow background as below
<p myHighlight>Highlight me!</p>
 What are components?
Components are the most basic UI building block of an Angular app which formed a tree of
Angular components. These components are subset of directives. Unlike directives, components
always have a template and only one component can be instantiated per an element in a template.
Let's see a simple example of Angular component
import { Component } from '@angular/core';
@Component ({
selector: 'my-app',
template: ` <div>
<h1>{{title}}</h1>
<div>Learn Angular6 with examples</div>
</div> `,
})
export class AppComponent {

title: string = 'Welcome to Angular world';
}
 What are the differences between Component and Directive?

In a short note, A component(@component) is a directive-with-a-template.
Some of the major differences are mentioned in a tabular form
Component Directive
Component Directive
To register a component we use @Component meta- To register directives we use @Directive
data annotation meta-data annotation
Directive is used to add behavior to an
Components are typically used to create UI widgets
existing DOM element
Component is used to break up the application into Directive is use to design re-usable
smaller components components
Only one component can be present per DOM Many directives can be used per DOM
element element
@View decorator or templateurl/template are
Directive doesn't use View
mandatory
 What is a template?
A template is a HTML view where you can display data by binding controls to properties of an
Angular component. You can store your component's template in one of two places. You can
define it inline using the template property, or you can define the template in a separate HTML
file and link to it in the component metadata using the @Component decorator's templateUrl
property. Using inline template with template syntax,
@Component ({
selector: 'my-app',
template: '
<div>
<h1>{{title}}</h1>
<div>Learn Angular</div>
</div>
'
})

title: string = 'Hello World';
}
Using separate template file such as app.component.html
@Component ({
selector: 'my-app',
templateUrl: 'app/app.component.html'
})

title: string = 'Hello World';
}
 What is a module?
Modules are logical boundaries in your application and the application is divided into separate
modules to separate the functionality of your application. Lets take an example of app.module.ts
root module declared with @NgModule decorator as below,
import { NgModule } from '@angular/core';

import { BrowserModule } from '@angular/platform-browser';
import { AppComponent } from './app.component';
@NgModule ({
imports: [ BrowserModule ],
declarations: [ AppComponent ],
bootstrap: [ AppComponent ]
})
export class AppModule { }
The NgModule decorator has three options
1. The imports option is used to import other dependent modules. The BrowserModule is
required by default for any web based angular application
2. The declarations option is used to define components in the respective module
3. The bootstrap option tells Angular which Component to bootstrap in the application
 What are lifecycle hooks available?

Angular application goes through an entire set of processes or has a lifecycle right from its
initiation to the end of the application. The representation of lifecycle in pictorial representation
as follows,
The description of each lifecycle method is as below,
1. ngOnChanges: When the value of a data bound property changes, then this method is
called.
2. ngOnInit: This is called whenever the initialization of the directive/component after
Angular first displays the data-bound properties happens.
3. ngDoCheck: This is for the detection and to act on changes that Angular can't or won't
detect on its own.
4. ngAfterContentInit: This is called in response after Angular projects external content
into the component's view.
5. ngAfterContentChecked: This is called in response after Angular checks the content
projected into the component.
6. ngAfterViewInit: This is called in response after Angular initializes the component's
views and child views.
7. ngAfterViewChecked: This is called in response after Angular checks the component's
views and child views.
8. ngOnDestroy: This is the cleanup phase just before Angular destroys the
directive/component.
 What is a data binding?

Data binding is a core concept in Angular and allows to define communication between a
component and the DOM, making it very easy to define interactive applications without
worrying about pushing and pulling data. There are four forms of data binding(divided as 3
categories) which differ in the way the data is flowing.
1. From the Component to the DOM: Interpolation: {{ value }}: Adds the value of a
property from the component
<li>Name: {{ user.name }}</li>

<li>Address: {{ user.address }}</li>
Property binding: [property]=”value”: The value is passed from the component to the specified
property or simple HTML attribute
<input type="email" [value]="user.email">
2. From the DOM to the Component: Event binding: (event)=”function”: When a

specific DOM event happens (eg.: click, change, keyup), call the specified method in the
component
<button (click)="logout()"></button>
3. Two-way binding: Two-way data binding: [(ngModel)]=”value”: Two-way data
binding allows to have the data flow both ways. For example, in the below code snippet,
both the email DOM input and component email property are in sync
<input type="email" [(ngModel)]="user.email">
 What is metadata?
Metadata is used to decorate a class so that it can configure the expected behavior of the class.
The metadata is represented by decorators
1. Class decorators, e.g. @Component and @NgModule
import { NgModule, Component } from '@angular/core';
@Component({
selector: 'my-component',
template: '<div>Class decorator</div>',
})
export class MyComponent {
constructor() {
console.log('Hey I am a component!');
}
}
@NgModule({
imports: [],
declarations: [],
})
export class MyModule {
constructor() {
console.log('Hey I am a module!');
}
}
2. Property decorators Used for properties inside classes, e.g. @Input and @Output
import { Component, Input } from '@angular/core';
@Component({
template: '<div>Property decorator</div>'
})

@Input()
title: string;
}
3. Method decorators Used for methods inside classes, e.g. @HostListener

import { Component, HostListener } from '@angular/core';
@Component({
template: '<div>Method decorator</div>'
})
@HostListener('click', ['$event'])
onHostClick(event: Event) {
// clicked, èvent` available
}
}
4. Parameter decorators Used for parameters inside class constructors, e.g. @Inject
import { Component, Inject } from '@angular/core';

import { MyService } from './my-service';
@Component({
template: '<div>Parameter decorator</div>'
})
constructor(@Inject(MyService) myService) {
console.log(myService); // MyService
}
}
 What is angular CLI?

Angular CLI(Command Line Interface) is a command line interface to scaffold and build
angular apps using nodejs style (commonJs) modules. You need to install using below npm
command,
npm install @angular/cli@latest
Below are the list of few commands, which will come handy while creating angular projects
1. Creating New Project: ng new

2. Generating Components, Directives & Services: ng generate/g The different types of
commands would be,
 ng generate class my-new-class: add a class to your application

 ng generate component my-new-component: add a component to your application
 ng generate directive my-new-directive: add a directive to your application
 ng generate enum my-new-enum: add an enum to your application
 ng generate module my-new-module: add a module to your application
 ng generate pipe my-new-pipe: add a pipe to your application
 ng generate service my-new-service: add a service to your application
3. Running the Project: ng serve
 What is the difference between constructor and ngOnInit?

TypeScript classes has a default method called constructor which is normally used for the
initialization purpose. Whereas ngOnInit method is specific to Angular, especially used to define
Angular bindings. Even though constructor getting called first, it is preferred to move all of your
Angular bindings to ngOnInit method. In order to use ngOnInit, you need to implement OnInit
interface as below,
export class App implements OnInit{

constructor(){
//called first time before the ngOnInit()
}
ngOnInit(){
//called after the constructor and called after the first ngOnChanges()
}
}
 What is a service?
A service is used when a common functionality needs to be provided to various modules.
Services allow for greater separation of concerns for your application and better modularity by
allowing you to extract common functionality out of components. Let's create a repoService
which can be used across components,
import { Injectable } from '@angular/core';

import { Http } from '@angular/http';
@Injectable({ // The Injectable decorator is required for dependency

injection to work
// providedIn option registers the service with a specific NgModule
providedIn: 'root', // This declares the service with the root app
(AppModule)
})
export class RepoService{
constructor(private http: Http){
}
fetchAll(){
return this.http.get('https://api.github.com/repositories');
}
}
The above service uses Http service as a dependency.
 What is dependency injection in Angular?

Dependency injection (DI), is an important application design pattern in which a class asks for
dependencies from external sources rather than creating them itself. Angular comes with its own
dependency injection framework for resolving dependencies( services or objects that a class
needs to perform its function).So you can have your services depend on other services
throughout your application.
 How is Dependency Hierarchy formed?


 What is the purpose of async pipe?

The AsyncPipe subscribes to an observable or promise and returns the latest value it has emitted.
When a new value is emitted, the pipe marks the component to be checked for changes. Let's
take a time observable which continuously updates the view for every 2 seconds with the current
time.
@Component({
selector: 'async-observable-pipe',
template: `<div><code>observable|async</code>:
Time: {{ time | async }}</div>`
})
export class AsyncObservablePipeComponent {
time = new Observable(observer =>
setInterval(() => observer.next(new Date().toString()), 2000)
);
}
 What is the option to choose between inline and external template

file?
You can store your component's template in one of two places. You can define it inline using the
template property, or you can define the template in a separate HTML file and link to it in the
component metadata using the @Component decorator's templateUrl property. The choice
between inline and separate HTML is a matter of taste, circumstances, and organization policy.
But normally we use inline template for small portion of code and external template file for
bigger views. By default, the Angular CLI generates components with a template file. But you
can override that with the below command,
ng generate component hero -it
 What is the purpose of ngFor directive?

We use Angular ngFor directive in the template to display each item in the list. For example,
here we iterate over list of users,
<li *ngFor="let user of users">

{{ user }}
</li>
The user variable in the ngFor double-quoted instruction is a template input variable
 What is the purpose of ngIf directive?

Sometimes an app needs to display a view or a portion of a view only under specific
circumstances. The Angular ngIf directive inserts or removes an element based on a truthy/falsy
condition. Let's take an example to display a message if the user age is more than 18,
<p *ngIf="user.age > 18">You are not eligible for student pass!</p>
Note: Angular isn't showing and hiding the message. It is adding and removing the paragraph
element from the DOM. That improves performance, especially in the larger projects with many
data bindings.
 What happens if you use script tag inside template?

Angular recognizes the value as unsafe and automatically sanitizes it, which removes the
<script> tag but keeps safe content such as the text content of the <script> tag. This way it
eliminates the risk of script injection attacks. If you still use it then it will be ignored and a
warning appears in the browser console. Let's take an example of innerHtml property binding
which causes XSS vulnerability,
export class InnerHtmlBindingComponent {

// For example, a user/attacker-controlled value from a URL.
htmlSnippet = 'Template <script>alert("0wned")</script> <b>Syntax</b>';
}
 What is interpolation?
Interpolation is a special syntax that Angular converts into property binding. It’s a convenient
alternative to property binding. It is represented by double curly braces({{}}). The text between
the braces is often the name of a component property. Angular replaces that name with the string
value of the corresponding component property. Let's take an example,
<h3>
{{title}}
<img src="{{url}}" style="height:30px">
</h3>
In the example above, Angular evaluates the title and url properties and fills in the blanks, first
displaying a bold application title and then a URL.
 What are template expressions?

A template expression produces a value similar to any Javascript expression. Angular executes
the expression and assigns it to a property of a binding target; the target might be an HTML
element, a component, or a directive. In the property binding, a template expression appears in
quotes to the right of the = symbol as in [property]="expression". In interpolation syntax, the
template expression is surrounded by double curly braces. For example, in the below
interpolation, the template expression is {{username}},
<h3>{{username}}, welcome to Angular</h3>
The below javascript expressions are prohibited in template expression
1. assignments (=, +=, -=, ...)

2. new
3. chaining expressions with ; or ,
4. increment and decrement operators (++ and --)
 What are template statements?

A template statement responds to an event raised by a binding target such as an element,
component, or directive. The template statements appear in quotes to the right of the = symbol
like (event)="statement". Let's take an example of button click event's statement
<button (click)="editProfile()">Edit Profile</button>
In the above expression, editProfile is a template statement. The below JavaScript syntax
expressions are not allowed.
1. new
2. increment and decrement operators, ++ and --
3. operator assignment, such as += and -=
4. the bitwise operators | and &
5. the template expression operators
 How do you categorize data binding types?

Binding types can be grouped into three categories distinguished by the direction of data flow.
They are listed as below,
1. From the source-to-view

2. From view-to-source
3. View-to-source-to-view
The possible binding syntax can be tabularized as below,
Data direction Syntax Type

From the source-to- 1. {{expression}} 2. [target]="expression" Interpolation, Property,
view(One-way) 3. bind-target="expression" Attribute, Class, Style
From view-to- 1. (target)="statement" 2. on-
Event
source(One-way) target="statement"
View-to-source-to- 1. [(target)]="expression" 2. bindon-
Two-way
view(Two-way) target="expression"
 What are pipes?

A pipe takes in data as input and transforms it to a desired output. For example, let us take a pipe
to transform a component's birthday property into a human-friendly date using date pipe.
@Component({
selector: 'app-birthday',
template: `<p>Birthday is {{ birthday | date }}</p>`
})
export class BirthdayComponent {
birthday = new Date(1987, 6, 18); // June 18, 1987
}
 What is a parameterized pipe?

A pipe can accept any number of optional parameters to fine-tune its output. The parameterized
pipe can be created by declaring the pipe name with a colon ( : ) and then the parameter value. If
the pipe accepts multiple parameters, separate the values with colons. Let's take a birthday
example with a particular format(dd/mm/yyyy):
@Component({
template: `<p>Birthday is {{ birthday | date:'dd/mm/yyyy'}}</p>` //
18/06/1987
})
birthday = new Date(1987, 6, 18);
}
Note: The parameter value can be any valid template expression, such as a string literal or a
component property.
 How do you chain pipes?

You can chain pipes together in potentially useful combinations as per the needs. Let's take a
birthday property which uses date pipe(along with parameter) and uppercase pipes as below
@Component({
template: `<p>Birthday is {{ birthday | date:'fullDate' |
uppercase}} </p>` // THURSDAY, JUNE 18, 1987
})
birthday = new Date(1987, 6, 18);
}

 What is a custom pipe?

Apart from built-inn pipes, you can write your own custom pipe with the below key
characteristics,
1. A pipe is a class decorated with pipe metadata @Pipe decorator, which you import from
the core Angular library For example,
@Pipe({name: 'myCustomPipe'})
2. The pipe class implements the PipeTransform interface's transform method that accepts
an input value followed by optional parameters and returns the transformed value. The
structure of pipeTransform would be as below,
interface PipeTransform {
transform(value: any, ...args: any[]): any
}
3. The @Pipe decorator allows you to define the pipe name that you'll use within template
expressions. It must be a valid JavaScript identifier.
template: `{{someInputValue | myCustomPipe: someOtherValue}}`
 Give an example of custom pipe?

You can create custom reusable pipes for the transformation of existing value. For example, let
us create a custom pipe for finding file size based on an extension,
import { Pipe, PipeTransform } from '@angular/core';
@Pipe({name: 'customFileSizePipe'})
export class FileSizePipe implements PipeTransform {
transform(size: number, extension: string = 'MB'): string {
return (size / (1024 * 1024)).toFixed(2) + extension;
}
}
Now you can use the above pipe in template expression as below,
template: `
<h2>Find the size of a file</h2>
<p>Size: {{288966 | customFileSizePipe: 'GB'}}</p>
`

 What is the difference between pure and impure pipe?

A pure pipe is only called when Angular detects a change in the value or the parameters passed
to a pipe. For example, any changes to a primitive input value (String, Number, Boolean,
Symbol) or a changed object reference (Date, Array, Function, Object). An impure pipe is called
for every change detection cycle no matter whether the value or parameters changes. i.e, An
impure pipe is called often, as often as every keystroke or mouse-move.
 What is a bootstrapping module?

Every application has at least one Angular module, the root module that you bootstrap to launch
the application is called as bootstrapping module. It is commonly known as AppModule. The
default structure of AppModule generated by AngularCLI would be as follows,
/* JavaScript imports */
import { FormsModule } from '@angular/forms';
import { HttpClientModule } from '@angular/common/http';
import { AppComponent } from './app.component';
/* the AppModule class with the @NgModule decorator */

@NgModule({
declarations: [
AppComponent
],
imports: [
BrowserModule,
FormsModule,
HttpClientModule
],
providers: [],
bootstrap: [AppComponent]
})
 What are observables?

Observables are declarative which provide support for passing messages between publishers and
subscribers in your application. They are mainly used for event handling, asynchronous
programming, and handling multiple values. In this case, you define a function for publishing
values, but it is not executed until a consumer subscribes to it. The subscribed consumer then
receives notifications until the function completes, or until they unsubscribe.
 What is HttpClient and its benefits?

Most of the Front-end applications communicate with backend services over HTTP protocol
using either XMLHttpRequest interface or the fetch() API. Angular provides a simplified client
HTTP API known as HttpClient which is based on top of XMLHttpRequest interface. This
client is avaialble from @angular/common/http package. You can import in your root module
as below,
The major advantages of HttpClient can be listed as below,
1. Contains testability features

2. Provides typed request and response objects
3. Intercept request and response
4. Supports Observalbe APIs
5. Supports streamlined error handling
 Explain on how to use HttpClient with an example?

Below are the steps need to be followed for the usage of HttpClient.
1. Import HttpClient into root module:

@NgModule({
imports: [
BrowserModule,
// import HttpClientModule after BrowserModule.
HttpClientModule,
],
......
})
export class AppModule {}
2. Inject the HttpClient into the application: Let's create a

userProfileService(userprofile.service.ts) as an example. It also defines get method of
HttpClient
import { Injectable } from '@angular/core';

import { HttpClient } from '@angular/common/http';
const userProfileUrl: string = 'assets/data/profile.json';
@Injectable()
export class UserProfileService {
constructor(private http: HttpClient) { }
getUserProfile() {
return this.http.get(this.userProfileUrl);
}
}
3. Create a component for subscribing service: Let's create a component called

UserProfileComponent(userprofile.component.ts) which inject UserProfileService and
invokes the service method,
fetchUserProfile() {
this.userProfileService.getUserProfile()
.subscribe((data: User) => this.user = {
id: data['userId'],
name: data['firstName'],
city: data['city']
});
}
Since the above service method returns an Observable which needs to be subscribed in the
component.
 How can you read full response?

The response body doesn't may not return full response data because sometimes servers also
return special headers or status code which which are important for the application workflow.
Inorder to get full response, you should use observe option from HttpClient,
getUserResponse(): Observable<HttpResponse<User>> {
return this.http.get<User>(
this.userUrl, { observe: 'response' });
}
Now HttpClient.get() method returns an Observable of typed HttpResponse rather than just the
JSON data.
 How do you perform Error handling?

If the request fails on the server or failed to reach the server due to network issues then
HttpClient will return an error object instead of a successful reponse. In this case, you need to
handle in the component by passing error object as a second callback to subscribe() method.
Let's see how it can be handled in the component with an example,
fetchUser() {
this.userService.getProfile()
.subscribe(
(data: User) => this.userProfile = { ...data }, // success path
error => this.error = error // error path
);
}
It is always a good idea to give the user some meaningful feedback instead of displaying the raw
error object returned from HttpClient.
 What is RxJS?
RxJS is a library for composing asynchronous and callback-based code in a functional, reactive
style using Observables. Many APIs such as HttpClient produce and consume RxJS Observables
and also uses operators for processing observables. For example, you can import observables and
operators for using HttpClient as below,
import { Observable, throwError } from 'rxjs';

import { catchError, retry } from 'rxjs/operators';
 What is subscribing?
An Observable instance begins publishing values only when someone subscribes to it. So you
need to subscribe by calling the subscribe() method of the instance, passing an observer object
to receive the notifications. Let's take an example of creating and subscribing to a simple
observable, with an observer that logs the received message to the console.
Creates an observable sequence of 5 integers, starting from 1

const source = range(1, 5);
// Create observer object

const myObserver = {
next: x => console.log('Observer got a next value: ' + x),
error: err => console.error('Observer got an error: ' + err),
complete: () => console.log('Observer got a complete notification'),
};
// Execute with the observer object and Prints out each item
myObservable.subscribe(myObserver);
// => Observer got a next value: 1
// => Observer got a complete notification
 What is an observable?
An Observable is a unique Object similar to a Promise that can help manage async code.
Observables are not part of the JavaScript language so we need to rely on a popular Observable
library called RxJS. The observables are created using new keyword. Let see the simple example
of observable,
import { Observable } from 'rxjs';
const observable = new Observable(observer => {

setTimeout(() => {
observer.next('Hello from a Observable!');
}, 2000);
});
 What is an observer?
Observer is an interface for a consumer of push-based notifications delivered by an Observable.
It has below structure,
interface Observer<T> {
closed?: boolean;
next: (value: T) => void;
error: (err: any) => void;
complete: () => void;
}
A handler that implements the Observer interface for receiving observable notifications will be
passed as a parameter for observable as below,
myObservable.subscribe(myObserver);
Note: If you don't supply a handler for a notification type, the observer ignores notifications of
that type.

 What is the difference between promise and observable?
Below are the list of differences between promise and observable,
Observable Promise
Declarative: Computation does not start until subscription so that they Execute immediately on
can be run whenever you need the result creation
Provide multiple values over time Provide only one
Subscribe method is used for error handling which makes centralized Push errors to the child
and predictable error handling promises
Provides chaining and subscription to handle complex applications Uses only .then() clause
45.
 What is multicasting?
Multi-casting is the practice of broadcasting to a list of multiple subscribers in a single execution.
Let's demonstrate the multi-casting feature,
var source = Rx.Observable.from([1, 2, 3]);

var subject = new Rx.Subject();
var multicasted = source.multicast(subject);
// These are, under the hood, `subject.subscribe({...})`:

multicasted.subscribe({
next: (v) => console.log('observerA: ' + v)
});
multicasted.subscribe({
next: (v) => console.log('observerB: ' + v)
});
// This is, under the hood, `s
 How do you perform error handling in observables?

You can handle errors by specifying an error callback on the observer instead of relying on
try/catch which are ineffective in asynchronous environment. For example, you can define error
callback as below,
myObservable.subscribe({
next(num) { console.log('Next num: ' + num)},
error(err) { console.log('Received an errror: ' + err)}
});

 What is the short hand notation for subscribe method?

The subscribe() method can accept callback function definitions in line, for next, error, and
complete handlers is known as short hand notation or Subscribe method with positional
arguments. For example, you can define subscribe method as below,
myObservable.subscribe(
x => console.log('Observer got a next value: ' + x),
err => console.error('Observer got an error: ' + err),
() => console.log('Observer got a complete notification')
);
 What are the utility functions provided by RxJS?
The RxJS library also provides below utility functions for creating and working with
observables.
1. Converting existing code for async operations into observables

2. Iterating through the values in a stream
3. Mapping values to different types
4. Filtering streams
5. Composing multiple streams
 What are observable creation functions?

RxJS provides creation functions for the process of creating observables from things such as
promises, events, timers and Ajax requests. Let us explain each of them with an example,
1. Create an observable from a promise
import { from } from 'rxjs'; // from function

const data = from(fetch('/api/endpoint')); //Created from Promise
data.subscribe({
next(response) { console.log(response); },
error(err) { console.error('Error: ' + err); },
complete() { console.log('Completed'); }
});
2. Create an observable that creates an AJAX request
import { ajax } from 'rxjs/ajax'; // ajax function

const apiData = ajax('/api/data'); // Created from AJAX request
// Subscribe to create the request
apiData.subscribe(res => console.log(res.status, res.response));
3. Create an observable from a counter
import { interval } from 'rxjs'; // interval function

const secondsCounter = interval(1000); // Created from Counter value
secondsCounter.subscribe(n =>
console.log(`Counter value: ${n}`));
4. Create an observable from an event
import { fromEvent } from 'rxjs';

const el = document.getElementById('custom-element');
const mouseMoves = fromEvent(el, 'mousemove');
const subscription = mouseMoves.subscribe((e: MouseEvent) => {
console.log(`Coordnitaes of mouse pointer: ${e.clientX} * ${e.clientY}`);
});
 What will happen if you do not supply handler for observer?

Normally an observer object can define any combination of next, error and complete notification
type handlers. If you don't supply a handler for a notification type, the observer just ignores
notifications of that type.
 What are angular elements?

Angular elements are Angular components packaged as custom elements(a web standard for
defining new HTML elements in a framework-agnostic way). Angular Elements hosts an
Angular component, providing a bridge between the data and logic defined in the component and
standard DOM APIs, thus, providing a way to use Angular components in non-Angular
environments.
 What is the browser support of Angular Elements?

Since Angular elements are packaged as custom elements the browser support of angular
elements is same as custom elements support. This feature is is currently supported natively in a
number of browsers and pending for other browsers.
Browser Angular Element Support
Chrome Natively supported
Opera Natively supported
Safari Natively supported
Natively supported from 63 version onwards. You need to enable
Firefox dom.webcomponents.enabled and dom.webcomponents.customelements.enabled in
older browsers
Edge Currently it is in progress
 What are custom elements?

Custom elements (or Web Components) are a Web Platform feature which extends HTML by
allowing you to define a tag whose content is created and controlled by JavaScript code. The
browser maintains a CustomElementRegistry of defined custom elements, which maps an
instantiable JavaScript class to an HTML tag. Currently this feature is supported by Chrome,
Firefox, Opera, and Safari, and available in other browsers through polyfills.
 Do I need to bootstrap custom elements?

No, custom elements bootstrap (or start) automatically when they are added to the DOM, and are
automatically destroyed when removed from the DOM. Once a custom element is added to the
DOM for any page, it looks and behaves like any other HTML element, and does not require any
special knowledge of Angular.
 Explain how custom elements works internally?

Below are the steps in an order about custom elements functionality,
1. App registers custom element with browser: Use the createCustomElement() function
to convert a component into a class that can be registered with the browser as a custom
element.
2. App adds custom element to DOM: Add custom element just like a built-in HTML
element directly into the DOM.
3. Browser instantiate component based class: Browser creates an instance of the
registered class and adds it to the DOM.
4. Instance provides content with data binding and change detection: The content with
in template is rendered using the component and DOM data. The flow chart of the custom
elements functionality would be as follows,
 How to transfer components to custom elements?

Transforming components to custom elements involves two major steps,
1. Build custom element class: Angular provides the createCustomElement() function

for converting an Angular component (along with its dependencies) to a custom element.
The conversion process implements NgElementConstructor interface, and creates a
constructor class which is used to produce a self-bootstrapping instance of Angular
component.
2. Register element class with browser: It uses customElements.define() JS function,
to register the configured constructor and its associated custom-element tag with the
browser's CustomElementRegistry. When the browser encounters the tag for the
registered element, it uses the constructor to create a custom-element instance. The
detailed structure would be as follows,
 What are the mapping rules between Angular component and

custom element?
The Component properties and logic maps directly into HTML attributes and the browser's event
system. Let us describe them in two steps,
1. The createCustomElement() API parses the component input properties with

corresponding attributes for the custom element. For example, component
@Input('myInputProp') converted as custom element attribute my-input-prop.
2. The Component outputs are dispatched as HTML Custom Events, with the name of the
custom event matching the output name. For example, component @Output()
valueChanged = new EventEmitter() converted as custom element with dispatch event as
"valueChanged".
 How do you define typings for custom elements?

You can use the NgElement and WithProperties types exported from @angular/elements. Let's
see how it can be applied by comparing with Angular component, The simple container with
input property would be as below,
@Component(...)
class MyContainer {
@Input() message: string;
}
After applying types typescript validates input value and their types,
const container = document.createElement('my-container') as NgElement &

WithProperties<{message: string}>;
container.message = 'Welcome to Angular elements!';
container.message = true; // <-- ERROR: TypeScript knows this should be a
string.
container.greet = 'News'; // <-- ERROR: TypeScript knows there is no `greet`
property on `container`.
 What are dynamic components?

Dynamic components are the components in which components location in the application is not
defined at build time.i.e, They are not used in any angular template. But the component is
instantiated and placed in the application at runtime.
 What are the various kinds of directives?

There are mainly three kinds of directives.
1. Components — These are directives with a template.

2. Structural directives — These directives change the DOM layout by adding and
removing DOM elements.
3. Attribute directives — These directives change the appearance or behavior of an
element, component, or another directive.
 How do you create directives using CLI?

You can use CLI command ng generate directive to create the directive class file. It creates
the source file(src/app/components/directivename.directive.ts), the respective test file(.spec.ts)
and declare the directive class file in root module.

 Give an example for attribute directives?

Let's take simple highlighter behavior as a example directive for DOM element. You can create
and apply the attribute directive using below steps,
1. Create HighlightDirective class with the file name src/app/highlight.directive.ts.

In this file, we need to import Directive from core library to apply the metadata and
ElementRef in the directive's constructor to inject a reference to the host DOM element ,
import { Directive, ElementRef } from '@angular/core';
@Directive({
selector: '[appHighlight]'
})
export class HighlightDirective {
constructor(el: ElementRef) {
el.nativeElement.style.backgroundColor = 'red';
}
}
2. Apply the attribute directive as an attribute to the host element(for example,
<p appHighlight>Highlight me!</p>
3. Run the application to see the highlight behavior on paragraph element
ng serve
 What is Angular Router?

Angular Router is a mechanism in which navigation happens from one view to the next as users
perform application tasks. It borrows the concepts or model of browser's application navigation.
 What is the purpose of base href tag?

The routing application should add element to the index.html as the first child in the tag inorder
to indicate how to compose navigation URLs. If app folder is the application root then you can
set the href value as below
<base href="/">
 What are the router imports?

The Angular Router which represents a particular component view for a given URL is not part of
Angular Core. It is available in library named @angular/router to import required router
components. For example, we import them in app module as below,
import { RouterModule, Routes } from '@angular/router';
 What is router outlet?

The RouterOutlet is a directive from the router library and it acts as a placeholder that marks the
spot in the template where the router should display the components for that outlet. Router outlet
is used like a component,
<router-outlet></router-outlet>

 What are router links?

The RouterLink is a directive on the anchor tags give the router control over those elements.
Since the navigation paths are fixed, you can assign string values to router-link directive as
below,
<h1>Angular Router</h1>
<nav>
<a routerLink="/todosList" >List of todos</a>
<a routerLink="/completed" >Completed todos</a>
</nav>
 What are active router links?

RouterLinkActive is a directive that toggles css classes for active RouterLink bindings based on
the current RouterState. i.e, the Router will add CSS classes when this link is active and and
remove when the link is inactive. For example, you can add them to RouterLinks as below
<h1>Angular Router</h1>
<nav>
<a routerLink="/todosList" routerLinkActive="active">List of todos</a>
<a routerLink="/completed" routerLinkActive="active">Completed todos</a>
</nav>
 What is router state?

RouterState is a tree of activated routes. Every node in this tree knows about the "consumed"
URL segments, the extracted parameters, and the resolved data. You can access the current
RouterState from anywhere in the application using the Router service and the routerState
property.
@Component({templateUrl:'template.html'})
class MyComponent {
constructor(router: Router) {
const state: RouterState = router.routerState;
const root: ActivatedRoute = state.root;
const child = root.firstChild;
const id: Observable<string> = child.params.map(p => p.id);
//...
}
}
 What are router events?

During each navigation, the Router emits navigation events through the Router.events property
allowing you to track the lifecycle of the route. The sequence of router events is as below,
1. NavigationStart,
2. RouteConfigLoadStart,
3. RouteConfigLoadEnd,
4. RoutesRecognized,
5. GuardsCheckStart,
6. ChildActivationStart,
7. ActivationStart,
8. GuardsCheckEnd,
9. ResolveStart,
10. ResolveEnd,
11. ActivationEnd
12. ChildActivationEnd
13. NavigationEnd,
14. NavigationCancel,
15. NavigationError
16. Scroll
 What is activated route?

ActivatedRoute contains the information about a route associated with a component loaded in an
outlet. It can also be used to traverse the router state tree. The ActivatedRoute will be injected as
a router service to access the information. In the below example, you can access route path and
parameters,
@Component({...})
class MyComponent {
constructor(route: ActivatedRoute) {
const id: Observable<string> = route.params.pipe(map(p => p.id));
const url: Observable<string> = route.url.pipe(map(segments =>
segments.join('')));
// route.data includes both `data` and `resolve`
const user = route.data.pipe(map(d => d.user));
}
}
 How do you define routes?

A router must be configured with a list of route definitions. You configures the router with routes
via the RouterModule.forRoot() method, and adds the result to the AppModule's imports
array.
const appRoutes: Routes = [

{ path: 'todo/:id', component: TodoDetailComponent },
{
path: 'todos',
component: TodosListComponent,
data: { title: 'Todos List' }
},
{ path: '',
redirectTo: '/todos',
pathMatch: 'full'
},
{ path: '**', component: PageNotFoundComponent }
];
@NgModule({
imports: [
RouterModule.forRoot(
appRoutes,
{ enableTracing: true } // <-- debugging purposes only
)
// other imports here
],
...
})
 What is the purpose of Wildcard route?

If the URL doesn't match any predefined routes then it causes the router to throw an error and
crash the app. In this case, you can use wildcard route. A wildcard route has a path consisting of
two asterisks to match every URL. For example, you can define PageNotFoundComponent for
wildcard route as below
{ path: '**', component: PageNotFoundComponent }
 Do I need a Routing Module always?

No, the Routing Module is a design choice. You can skip routing Module (for example,
AppRoutingModule) when the configuration is simple and merge the routing configuration
directly into the companion module (for example, AppModule). But it is recommended when the
configuration is complex and includes specialized guard and resolver services.
 What is Angular Universal?

Angular Universal is a server-side rendering module for Angular applications in various
scenarios. This is a community driven project and available under @angular/platform-server
package. Recently Angular Universal is integrated with Angular CLI.
 What are different types of compilation in Angular?

Angular offers two ways to compile your application,
1. Just-in-Time (JIT)
2. Ahead-of-Time (AOT)

 What is JIT?
Just-in-Time (JIT) is a type of compilation that compiles your app in the browser at runtime. JIT
compilation is the default when you run the ng build (build only) or ng serve (build and serve
locally) CLI commands. i.e, the below commands used for JIT compilation,
ng build
ng serve
 What is AOT?
Ahead-of-Time (AOT) is a type of compilation that compiles your app at build time. For AOT
compilation, include the --aot option with the ng build or ng serve command as below,
ng build --aot
ng serve --aot
Note: The ng build command with the --prod meta-flag (ng build --prod) compiles with AOT
by default.
 Why do we need compilation process?

The Angular components and templates cannot be understood by the browser directly. Due to
that Angular applications require a compilation process before they can run in a browser. For
example, In AOT compilation, both Angular HTML and TypeScript code converted into
efficient JavaScript code during the build phase before browser runs it.
 What are the advantages with AOT?

Below are the list of AOT benefits,
1. Faster rendering: The browser downloads a pre-compiled version of the application. So

it can render the application immediately without compiling the app.
2. Fewer asynchronous requests: It inlines external HTML templates and CSS style sheets
within the application javascript which eliminates separate ajax requests.
3. Smaller Angular framework download size: Doesn't require downloading the Angular
compiler. Hence it dramatically reduces the application payload.
4. Detect template errors earlier: Detects and reports template binding errors during the
build step itself
5. Better security: It compiles HTML templates and components into JavaScript. So there
won't be any injection attacks.
 What are the ways to control AOT compilation?

You can control your app compilation in two ways
1. By providing template compiler options in the tsconfig.json file

2. By configuring Angular metadata with decorators
 What are the restrictions of metadata?

In Angular, You must write metadata with the following general constraints,
1. Write expression syntax with in the supported range of javascript features

2. The compiler can only reference symbols which are exported
3. Only call the functions supported by the compiler
4. Decorated and data-bound class members must be public.
 What are the two phases of AOT?

The AOT compiler works in three phases,
1. Code Analysis: The compiler records a representation of the source

2. Code generation: It handles the interpretation as well as places restrictions on what it
interprets.
3. Validation: In this phase, the Angular template compiler uses the TypeScript compiler to
validate the binding expressions in templates.
 Can I use arrow functions in AOT?

No, Arrow functions or lambda functions can’t be used to assign values to the decorator
properties. For example, the following snippet is invalid:
@Component({
providers: [{
provide: MyService, useFactory: () => getService()
}]
})
To fix this, it has to be changed as following exported function:
function getService(){
return new MyService();
}
@Component({
providers: [{
provide: MyService, useFactory: getService
}]
})
If you still use arrow function, it generates an error node in place of the function. When the
compiler later interprets this node, it reports an error to turn the arrow function into an exported
function. Note: From Angular5 onwards, the compiler automatically performs this rewriting
while emitting the .js file.
 What is the purpose of metadata json files?

The metadata.json file can be treated as a diagram of the overall structure of a decorator's
metadata, represented as an abstract syntax tree(AST). During the analysis phase, the AOT
collector scan the metadata recorded in the Angular decorators and outputs metadata information
in .metadata.json files, one per .d.ts file.
 Can I use any javascript feature for expression syntax in AOT?

No, the AOT collector understands a subset of (or limited) JavaScript features. If an expression
uses unsupported syntax, the collector writes an error node to the .metadata.json file. Later point
of time, the compiler reports an error if it needs that piece of metadata to generate the application
code.
 What is folding?
The compiler can only resolve references to exported symbols in the metadata. Where as some of
the non-exported members are folded while generating the code. i.e Folding is a process in which
the collector evaluate an expression during collection and record the result in the .metadata.json
instead of the original expression. For example, the compiler couldn't refer selector reference
because it is not exported
let selector = 'app-root';

@Component({
selector: selector
})
Will be folded into inline selector
@Component({
selector: 'app-root'
})
Remember that the compiler can’t fold everything. For example, spread operator on arrays,
objects created using new keywords and function calls.
 What are macros?

The AOT compiler supports macros in the form of functions or static methods that return an
expression in a single return expression. For example, let us take a below macro function,
export function wrapInArray<T>(value: T): T[] {

return [value];
}
You can use it inside metadata as an expression,
@NgModule({
declarations: wrapInArray(TypicalComponent)
})
export class TypicalModule {}
The compiler treats the macro expression as it written directly
@NgModule({
declarations: [TypicalComponent]
})
export class TypicalModule {}
 Give an example of few metadata errors?

Below are some of the errors encountered in metadata,
1. Expression form not supported: Some of the language features outside of the
compiler's restricted expression syntax used in angular metadata can produce this error.
Let's see some of these examples,
2. 1. export class User { ... }
3. const prop = typeof User; // typeof is not valid in metadata
2. { provide: 'token', useValue: { [prop]: 'value' } }; // bracket
notation is not valid in metadata
4. ** Reference to a local (non-exported) symbol:** The compiler encountered a referenced

to a locally defined symbol that either wasn't exported or wasn't initialized. Let's take
example of this error,
5. // ERROR
6. let username: string; // neither exported nor initialized
7.
8. @Component({
9. selector: 'my-component',
10. template: ... ,
11. providers: [
12. { provide: User, useValue: username }
13. ]
14. })
export class MyComponent {}
You can fix this by either exporting or initializing the value,
export let username: string; // exported

(or)
let username = 'John'; // initialized
15. Function calls are not supported: The compiler does not currently support function
expressions or lambda functions. For example, you cannot set a provider's useFactory to
an anonymous function or arrow function as below.
16. providers: [
17. { provide: MyStrategy, useFactory: function() { ... } },
18. { provide: OtherStrategy, useFactory: () => { ... } }
]
You can fix this with exported function
export function myStrategy() { ... }

export function otherStrategy() { ... }
... // metadata
providers: [
{ provide: MyStrategy, useFactory: myStrategy },
{ provide: OtherStrategy, useFactory: otherStrategy },
19. Destructured variable or constant not supported: The compiler does not support
references to variables assigned by destructuring. For example, you cannot write
something like this:
20. import { user } from './user';
21.
22. // destructured assignment to name and age
23. const {name, age} = user;
24. ... //metadata
25. providers: [
26. {provide: Name, useValue: name},
27. {provide: Age, useValue: age},
]
You can fix this by non-destructured values
import { user } from './user';

... //metadata
providers: [
{provide: Name, useValue: user.name},
{provide: Age, useValue: user.age},
]
 What is metadata rewriting?

Metadata rewriting is the process in which the compiler converts the expression initializing the
fields such as useClass, useValue, useFactory, and data into an exported variable, which replaces
the expression. Remember that the compiler does this rewriting during the emit of the .js file but
not in definition files( .d.ts file).
 How do you provide configuration inheritance?

Angular Compiler supports configuration inheritance through extends in the tsconfig.json on
angularCompilerOptions. i.e, The configuration from the base file(for example,
tsconfig.base.json) are loaded first, then overridden by those in the inheriting config file.
{
"extends": "../tsconfig.base.json",
"compilerOptions": {
"experimentalDecorators": true,
...
},
"angularCompilerOptions": {
"fullTemplateTypeCheck": true,
"preserveWhitespaces": true,
...
}
}
 How do you specify angular template compiler options?

The angular template compiler options are specified as members of the
angularCompilerOptions object in the tsconfig.json file. These options will be specified
adjecent to typescript compiler options.
{
"compilerOptions": {
"experimentalDecorators": true,
...
},
"fullTemplateTypeCheck": true,
"preserveWhitespaces": true,
...
}
}
 How do you enable binding expression validation?

You can enable binding expression validation explicitly by adding the compiler option
fullTemplateTypeCheck in the "angularCompilerOptions" of the project's tsconfig.json. It
produces error messages when a type error is detected in a template binding expression. For
example, consider the following component:
@Component({
template: '{{user.contacts.email}}'
})
class MyComponent {
user?: User;
}
This will produce the following error:
my.component.ts.MyComponent.html(1,1): : Property 'contacts' does not exist

on type 'User'. Did you mean 'contact'?
 What is the purpose of any type cast function?

You can disable binding expression type checking using $any() type cast function(by
surrounding the expression). In the following example, the error Property contacts does not exist
is suppressed by casting user to the any type.
template: '{{$any(user).contacts.email}}'
The $any() cast function also works with this to allow access to undeclared members of the
component.
template: '{{$any(this).contacts.email}}'
 What is Non null type assertion operator?

You can use the non-null type assertion operator to suppress the Object is possibly 'undefined'
error. In the following example, the user and contact properties are always set together, implying
that contact is always non-null if user is non-null. The error is suppressed in the example by
using contact!.email.
@Component({
template: '<span *ngIf="user"> {{user.name}} contacted through
{{contact!.email}} </span>'
})
class MyComponent {
user?: User;
contact?: Contact;
setData(user: User, contact: Contact) {

this.user = user;
this.contact = contact;
}
}
 What is type narrowing?

The expression used in an ngIf directive is used to narrow type unions in the Angular template
compiler similar to if expression in typescript. So *ngIf allows the typeScript compiler to infer
that the data used in the binding expression will never be undefined.
@Component({
template: '<span *ngIf="user"> {{user.contact.email}} </span>'
})
class MyComponent {
user?: User;
}
 How do you describe various dependencies in angular application?

The dependencies section of package.json with in an angular application can be divided as
follow,
1. Angular packages: Angular core and optional modules; their package names begin
@angular/.
2. Support packages: Third-party libraries that must be present for Angular apps to run.
3. Polyfill packages: Polyfills plug gaps in a browser's JavaScript implementation.
 What is zone?
A Zone is an execution context that persists across async tasks. Angular relies on zone.js to run
Angular's change detection processes when native JavaScript operations raise events
 What is the purpose of common module?

The commonly-needed services, pipes, and directives provided by @angular/common module.
Apart from these HttpClientModule is available under @angular/common/http.
 What is codelyzer?
Codelyzer provides set of tslint rules for static code analysis of Angular TypeScript projects. ou
can run the static code analyzer over web apps, NativeScript, Ionic etc. Angular CLI has support
for this and it can be use as below,
ng new codelyzer
ng lint
 What is angular animation?

Angular's animation system is built on CSS functionality in order to animate any property that
the browser considers animatable. These properties includes positions, sizes, transforms, colors,
borders etc. The Angular modules for animations are @angular/animations and
@angular/platform-browser and these dependencies are automatically added to your project
when you create a project using Angular CLI.

 What are the steps to use animation module?
You need to follow below steps to implement animation in your angular project,
1. Enabling the animations module: Import BrowserAnimationsModule to add animation

capabilities into your Angular root application module(for example,
src/app/app.module.ts).

import { BrowserAnimationsModule } from '@angular/platform-
browser/animations';
@NgModule({
imports: [
BrowserModule,
BrowserAnimationsModule
],
declarations: [ ],
bootstrap: [ ]
})
2. Importing animation functions into component files: Import required animation

functions from @angular/animations in component files(for example,
src/app/app.component.ts).
import {
trigger,
state,
style,
animate,
transition,
// ...
} from '@angular/animations';
3. Adding the animation metadata property: add a metadata property called animations:
within the @Component() decorator in component files(for example,
src/app/app.component.ts)
@Component({
selector: 'app-root',
templateUrl: 'app.component.html',
styleUrls: ['app.component.css'],
animations: [
// animation triggers go here
]
})

 What is State function?
Angular's state() function is used to define different states to call at the end of each transition.
This function takes two arguments: a unique name like open or closed and a style() function. For
example, you can write a open state function
state('open', style({
height: '300px',
opacity: 0.5,
backgroundColor: 'blue'
})),
 What is Style function?

The style function is used to define a set of styles to associate with a given state name. You need
to use it along with state() function to set CSS style attributes. For example, in the close state, the
button has a height of 100 pixels, an opacity of 0.8, and a background color of green.
state('close', style({
height: '100px',
opacity: 0.8,
backgroundColor: 'green'
})),
Note: The style attributes must be in camelCase
 What is the purpose of animate function?

Angular Animations are a powerful way to implement sophisticated and compelling animations
for your Angular single page web application.
import { Component, OnInit, Input } from '@angular/core';

import { trigger, state, style, animate, transition } from
'@angular/animations';
@Component({
selector: 'app-animate',
templateUrl: `<div [@changeState]="currentState" class="myblock mx-
auto"></div>`,
styleUrls: `.myblock {
background-color: green;
width: 300px;
height: 250px;
border-radius: 5px;
margin: 5rem;
}`,
animations: [
trigger('changeState', [
state('state1', style({
backgroundColor: 'green',
transform: 'scale(1)'
})),
state('state2', style({
backgroundColor: 'red',
transform: 'scale(1.5)'
})),
transition('*=>state1', animate('300ms')),
transition('*=>state2', animate('2000ms'))
])
]
})
export class AnimateComponent implements OnInit {
@Input() currentState;
constructor() { }
ngOnInit() {
}
}
 What is transition function?

The animation transition function is used to specify the changes that occur between one state and
another over a period of time. It accepts two arguments: the first argument accepts an expression
that defines the direction between two transition states, and the second argument accepts an
animate() function. Let's take an example state transition from open to closed with an half second
transition between states.
transition('open => closed', [

animate('500ms')
]),
 How to inject the dynamic script in angular?

Using DomSanitizer we can inject the dynamic Html,Style,Script,Url.
import { Component, OnInit } from '@angular/core';

import { DomSanitizer } from '@angular/platform-browser';
@Component({
selector: 'my-app',
template: `
<div [innerHtml]="htmlSnippet"></div>
`,
})
export class App {
constructor(protected sanitizer: DomSanitizer) {}
htmlSnippet: string =
this.sanitizer.bypassSecurityTrustScript("<script>safeCode()</script>");
}
 What is a service worker and its role in Angular?

A service worker is a script that runs in the web browser and manages caching for an application.
Starting from 5.0.0 version, Angular ships with a service worker implementation. Angular
service worker is designed to optimize the end user experience of using an application over a
slow or unreliable network connection, while also minimizing the risks of serving outdated
content.
 What are the design goals of service workers?

Below are the list of design goals of Angular's service workers,
1. It caches an application just like installing a native application

2. A running application continues to run with the same version of all files without any
incompatible files
3. When you refresh the application, it loads the latest fully cached version
4. When changes are published then it immediately updates in the background
5. Service workers saves the bandwidth by downloading the resources only when they
changed.
 What are the differences between AngularJS and Angular with

respect to dependency injection?
Dependency injection is a common component in both AngularJS and Angular, but there are
some key differences between the two frameworks in how it actually works. | AngularJS |
Angular | |---- | --------- | Dependency injection tokens are always strings | Tokens can have
different types. They are often classes and sometimes can be strings. | | There is exactly one
injector even though it is a multi-module applications | There is a tree hierarchy of injectors, with
a root injector and an additional injector for each component. |

 What is Angular Ivy?

Angular Ivy is a new rendering engine for Angular. You can choose to opt in a preview version
of Ivy from Angular version 8.
1. You can enable ivy in a new project by using the --enable-ivy flag with the ng new
command
ng new ivy-demo-app --enable-ivy
2. You can add it to an existing project by adding enableIvy option in the

angularCompilerOptions in your project's tsconfig.app.json.
{
"compilerOptions": { ... },
"enableIvy": true
}
}
 What are the features included in ivy preview?

You can expect below features with Ivy preview,
1. Generated code that is easier to read and debug at runtime

2. Faster re-build time
3. Improved payload size
4. Improved template type checking
 Can I use AOT compilation with Ivy?

Yes, it is a recommended configuration. Also, AOT compilation with Ivy is faster. So you need
set the default build options(with in angular.json) for your project to always use AOT
compilation.
{
"projects": {
"my-project": {
"architect": {
"build": {
"options": {
...
"aot": true,
}
}
}
}
}
}
 What is Angular Language Service?

The Angular Language Service is a way to get completions, errors, hints, and navigation inside
your Angular templates whether they are external in an HTML file or embedded in
annotations/decorators in a string. It has the ability to autodetect that you are opening an Angular
file, reads your tsconfig.json file, finds all the templates you have in your application, and
then provides all the language services.
 How do you install angular language service in the project?

You can install Angular Language Service in your project with the following npm command
npm install --save-dev @angular/language-service
After that add the following to the "compilerOptions" section of your project's tsconfig.json
"plugins": [
{"name": "@angular/language-service"}
]
Note: The completion and diagnostic services works for .ts files only. You need to use custom
plugins for supporting HTML files.
 Is there any editor support for Angular Language Service?

Yes, Angular Language Service is currently available for Visual Studio Code and WebStorm
IDEs. You need to install angular language service using an extension and devDependency
respectively. In sublime editor, you need to install typescript which has has a language service
plugin model.

 Explain the features provided by Angular Language Service?
Basically there are 3 main features provided by Angular Language Service,
1. Autocompletion: Autocompletion can speed up your development time by providing you

with contextual possibilities and hints as you type with in an interpolation and elements.
2. Error checking: It can also warn you of mistakes in your code.
3. Navigation: Navigation allows you to hover a component, directive, module and then
click and press F12 to go directly to its definition.
 How do you add web workers in your application?

You can add web worker anywhere in your application. For example, If the file that contains
your expensive computation is src/app/app.component.ts, you can add a Web Worker using
ng generate web-worker app command which will create src/app/app.worker.ts web
worker file. This command will perform below actions,
1. Configure your project to use Web Workers
2. Adds app.worker.ts to receive messages
addEventListener('message', ({ data }) => {

const response = `worker response to ${data}`;
postMessage(response);
});
3. The component app.component.ts file updated with web worker file
if (typeof Worker !== 'undefined') {

// Create a new
const worker = new Worker('./app.worker', { type: 'module' });
worker.onmessage = ({ data }) => {
console.log('page got message: $\{data\}');
};
worker.postMessage('hello');
} else {
// Web Workers are not supported in this environment.
}
Note: You may need to refactor your initial scaffolding web worker code for sending messages
to and from.
 What are the limitations with web workers?

You need to remember two important things when using Web Workers in Angular projects,
1. Some environments or platforms(like @angular/platform-server) used in Server-side

Rendering, don't support Web Workers. In this case you need to provide a fallback
mechanism to perform the computations to work in this environments.
2. Running Angular in web worker using @angular/platform-webworker is not yet
supported in Angular CLI.
 What is Angular CLI Builder?

In Angular8, the CLI Builder API is stable and available to developers who want to customize
the Angular CLI by adding or modifying commands. For example, you could supply a builder to
perform an entirely new task, or to change which third-party tool is used by an existing
command.

 What is a builder?
A builder function ia a function that uses the Architect API to perform a complex process such
as "build" or "test". The builder code is defined in an npm package. For example,
BrowserBuilder runs a webpack build for a browser target and KarmaBuilder starts the Karma
server and runs a webpack build for unit tests.
 How do you invoke a builder?

The Angular CLI command ng run is used to invoke a builder with a specific target
configuration. The workspace configuration file, angular.json, contains default configurations
for built-in builders.
 How do you create app shell in Angular?

An App shell is a way to render a portion of your application via a route at build time. This is
useful to first paint of your application that appears quickly because the browser can render static
HTML and CSS without the need to initialize JavaScript. You can achieve this using Angular
CLI which generates an app shell for running server-side of your app.
ng generate appShell [options] (or)

ng g appShell [options]
 What are the case types in Angular?

Angular uses capitalization conventions to distinguish the names of various types. Angular
follows the list of the below case types.
1. camelCase : Symbols, properties, methods, pipe names, non-component directive

selectors, constants uses lowercase on the first letter of the item. For example,
"selectedUser"
2. UpperCamelCase (or PascalCase): Class names, including classes that define
components, interfaces, NgModules, directives, and pipes uses uppercase on the first
letter of the item.
3. dash-case (or "kebab-case"): The descriptive part of file names, component selectors
uses dashes between the words. For example, "app-user-list".
4. UPPER_UNDERSCORE_CASE: All constants uses capital letters connected with
underscores. For example, "NUMBER_OF_USERS".

 What are the class decorators in Angular?

A class decorator is a decorator that appears immediately before a class definition, which
declares the class to be of the given type, and provides metadata suitable to the type The
following list of decorators comes under class decorators,
1. @Component()
2. @Directive()
3. @Pipe()
4. @Injectable()
5. @NgModule()
 What are class field decorators?

The class field decorators are the statements declared immediately before a field in a class
definition that defines the type of that field. Some of the examples are: @input and @output,
@Input() myProperty;
@Output() myEvent = new EventEmitter();
 What is declarable in Angular?

Declarable is a class type that you can add to the declarations list of an NgModule. The class
types such as components, directives, and pipes comes can be declared in the module.
 What are the restrictions on declarable classes?

Below classes shouldn't be declared,
1. A class that's already declared in another NgModule

2. Ngmodule classes
3. Service classes
4. Helper classes

 What is a DI token?
A DI token is a lookup token associated with a dependency provider in dependency injection
system. The injector maintains an internal token-provider map that it references when asked for a
dependency and the DI token is the key to the map. Let's take example of DI Token usage,
const BASE_URL = new InjectionToken<string>('BaseUrl');

const injector =
Injector.create({providers: [{provide: BASE_URL, useValue: 'http://some-
domain.com'}]});
const url = injector.get(BASE_URL);
 What is Angular DSL?

A domain-specific language (DSL) is a computer language specialized to a particular application
domain. Angular has its own Domain Specific Language (DSL) which allows us to write
Angular specific html-like syntax on top of normal html. It has its own compiler that compiles
this syntax to html that the browser can understand. This DSL is defined in NgModules such as
animations, forms, and routing and navigation. Basically you will see 3 main syntax in Angular
DSL.
1. (): Used for Output and DOM events.

2. []: Used for Input and specific DOM element attributes.
3. *: Structural directives(*ngFor or *ngIf) will affect/change the DOM structure.
 what is an rxjs subject in Angular

An RxJS Subject is a special type of Observable that allows values to be multicasted to many
Observers. While plain Observables are unicast (each subscribed Observer owns an independent
execution of the Observable), Subjects are multicast.
A Subject is like an Observable, but can multicast to many Observers. Subjects are like
EventEmitters: they maintain a registry of many listeners.
import { Subject } from 'rxjs';
const subject = new Subject<number>();
subject.subscribe({
next: (v) => console.log(òbserverA: ${v}`)
});
subject.subscribe({
next: (v) => console.log(òbserverB: ${v}`)
});
subject.next(1);
subject.next(2);
 What is Bazel tool?

Bazel is a powerful build tool developed and massively used by Google and it can keep track of
the dependencies between different packages and build targets. In Angular8, you can build your
CLI application with Bazel. Note: The Angular framework itself is built with Bazel.
 What are the advantages of Bazel tool?

Below are the list of key advantages of Bazel tool,
1. It creates the possibility of building your back-ends and front-ends with the same tool
2. The incremental build and tests
3. It creates the possibility to have remote builds and cache on a build farm.
 How do you use Bazel with Angular CLI?

The @angular/bazel package provides a builder that allows Angular CLI to use Bazel as the
build tool.
1. Use in an existing applciation: Add @angular/bazel using CLI
ng add @angular/bazel
2. Use in a new application: Install the package and create the application with collection
option
npm install -g @angular/bazel

ng new --collection=@angular/bazel
When you use ng build and ng serve commands, Bazel is used behind the scenes and outputs the
results in dist/bin folder.

 How do you run Bazel directly?
Sometimes you may want to bypass the Angular CLI builder and run Bazel directly using Bazel
CLI. You can install it globally using @bazel/bazel npm package. i.e, Bazel CLI is available
under @bazel/bazel package. After you can apply the below common commands,
bazel build [targets] // Compile the default output artifacts of the given
targets.
bazel test [targets] // Run the tests with *_test targets found in the
pattern.
bazel run [target]: Compile the program represented by target and then run
it.
 What is platform in Angular?

A platform is the context in which an Angular application runs. The most common platform for
Angular applications is a web browser, but it can also be an operating system for a mobile
device, or a web server. The runtime-platform is provided by the @angular/platform-* packages
and these packages allow applications that make use of @angular/core and @angular/common
to execute in different environments. i.e, Angular can be used as platform-independent
framework in different environments, For example,
1. While running in the browser, it uses platform-browser package.

2. When SSR(server-side rendering ) is used, it uses platform-server package for
providing web server implementation.
 What happens if I import the same module twice?

If multiple modules imports the same module then angular evaluates it only once (When it
encounters the module first time). It follows this condition even the module appears at any level
in a hierarchy of imported NgModules.
 How do you select an element with in a component template?

You can use @ViewChild directive to access elements in the view directly. Let's take input
element with a reference,
<input #uname>
and define view child directive and access it in ngAfterViewInit lifecycle hook
@ViewChild('uname') input;
ngAfterViewInit() {
console.log(this.input.nativeElement.value);
}
 How do you detect route change in Angular?

In Angular7, you can subscribe to router to detect the changes. The subscription for router events
would be as below,
this.router.events.subscribe((event: Event) => {})
Let's take a simple component to detect router changes

import { Router, Event, NavigationStart, NavigationEnd, NavigationError }
from '@angular/router';
@Component({
selector: 'app-root',
template: `<router-outlet></router-outlet>`
})
constructor(private router: Router) {
this.router.events.subscribe((event: Event) => {

if (event instanceof NavigationStart) {
// Show loading indicator and perform an action
}
if (event instanceof NavigationEnd) {

// Hide loading indicator and perform an action
}
if (event instanceof NavigationError) {

// Hide loading indicator and perform an action
console.log(event.error); // It logs an error for debugging
}
});
}
}
 How do you pass headers for HTTP client?

You can directly pass object map for http client or create HttpHeaders class to supply the
headers.
constructor(private _http: HttpClient) {}

this._http.get('someUrl',{
headers: {'header1':'value1','header2':'value2'}
});
(or)
let headers = new HttpHeaders().set('header1', headerValue1); // create
header object
headers = headers.append('header2', headerValue2); // add a new header,
creating a new object
headers = headers.append('header3', headerValue3); // add another header
let params = new HttpParams().set('param1', value1); // create params object

params = params.append('param2', value2); // add a new param, creating a new
object
params = params.append('param3', value3); // add another param
return this._http.get<any[]>('someUrl', { headers: headers, params: params })
 What is the purpose of differential loading in CLI?

From Angular8 release onwards, the applications are built using differential loading strategy
from CLI to build two separate bundles as part of your deployed application.
1. The first build contains ES2015 syntax which takes the advantage of built-in support in
modern browsers, ships less polyfills, and results in a smaller bundle size.
2. The second build contains old ES5 syntax to support older browsers with all necessary
polyfills. But this results in a larger bundle size.
Note: This strategy is used to support multiple browsers but it only load the code that the
browser needs.
 Is Angular supports dynamic imports?

Yes, Angular 8 supports dynamic imports in router configuration. i.e, You can use the import
statement for lazy loading the module using loadChildren method and it will be understood by
the IDEs(VSCode and WebStorm), webpack, etc. Previously, you have been written as below to
lazily load the feature module. By mistake, if you have typo in the module name it still accepts
the string and throws an error during build time.
{path: ‘user’, loadChildren: ‘./users/user.module#UserModulee’},

This problem is resolved by using dynamic imports and IDEs are able to find it during compile
time itself.
{path: ‘user’, loadChildren: () => import(‘./users/user.module’).then(m =>

m.UserModule)};
 What is lazy loading?

Lazy loading is one of the most useful concepts of Angular Routing. It helps us to download the
web pages in chunks instead of downloading everything in a big bundle. It is used for lazy
loading by asynchronously loading the feature module for routing whenever required using the
property loadChildren. Let's load both Customer and Order feature modules lazily as below,
const routes: Routes = [

{
path: 'customers',
loadChildren: () => import('./customers/customers.module').then(module =>
module.CustomersModule)
},
{
path: 'orders',
loadChildren: () => import('./orders/orders.module').then(module =>
module.OrdersModule)
},
{
path: '',
redirectTo: '',
pathMatch: 'full'
}
];
 What are workspace APIs?

Angular 8.0 release introduces Workspace APIs to make it easier for developers to read and
modify the angular.json file instead of manually modifying it. Currently, the only supported
storage3 format is the JSON-based format used by the Angular CLI. You can enable or add
optimization option for build target as below,
import { NodeJsSyncHost } from '@angular-devkit/core/node';

import { workspaces } from '@angular-devkit/core';
async function addBuildTargetOption() {

const host = workspaces.createWorkspaceHost(new NodeJsSyncHost());
const workspace = await
workspaces.readWorkspace('path/to/workspace/directory/', host);
const project = workspace.projects.get('my-app');
if (!project) {
throw new Error('my-app does not exist');
}
const buildTarget = project.targets.get('build');

if (!buildTarget) {
throw new Error('build target does not exist');
}
buildTarget.options.optimization = true;
await workspaces.writeWorkspace(workspace, host);

}
addBuildTargetOption();
 How do you upgrade angular version?

The Angular upgrade is quite easier using Angular CLI ng update command as mentioned
below. For example, if you upgrade from Angular 7 to 8 then your lazy loaded route imports will
be migrated to the new import syntax automatically.
$ ng update @angular/cli @angular/core
 What is Angular Material?

Angular Material is a collection of Material Design components for Angular framework
following the Material Design spec. You can apply Material Design very easily using Angular
Material. The installation can be done through npm or yarn,
npm install --save @angular/material @angular/cdk @angular/animations

(OR)
yarn add @angular/material @angular/cdk @angular/animations
It supports the most recent two versions of all major browsers. The latest version of Angular
material is 8.1.1
 How do you upgrade location service of angularjs?

If you are using $location service in your old AngularJS application, now you can use
LocationUpgradeModule(unified location service) which puts the responsibilities of $location
service to Location service in Angular. Let's add this module to AppModule as below,
// Other imports ...

import { LocationUpgradeModule } from '@angular/common/upgrade';
@NgModule({
imports: [
// Other NgModule imports...
LocationUpgradeModule.config()
]
})
export class AppModule {}
 What is NgUpgrade?
NgUpgrade is a library put together by the Angular team, which you can use in your applications
to mix and match AngularJS and Angular components and bridge the AngularJS and Angular
dependency injection systems.
 How do you test Angular application using CLI?

Angular CLI downloads and install everything needed with the Jasmine Test framework. You
just need to run ng test to see the test results. By default this command builds the app in watch
mode, and launches the Karma test runner. The output of test results would be as below,
10% building modules 1/1 modules 0 active

...INFO [karma]: Karma v1.7.1 server started at http://0.0.0.0:9876/
...INFO [launcher]: Launching browser Chrome ...
...INFO [launcher]: Starting browser Chrome
...INFO [Chrome ...]: Connected on socket ...
Chrome ...: Executed 3 of 3 SUCCESS (0.135 secs / 0.205 secs)
Note: A chrome browser also opens and displays the test output in the "Jasmine HTML
Reporter".
 How to use polyfills in Angular application?

The Angular CLI provides support for polyfills officially. When you create a new project with
the ng new command, a src/polyfills.ts configuration file is created as part of your project
folder. This file includes the mandatory and many of the optional polyfills as JavaScript import
statements. Let's categorize the polyfills,
1. Mandatory polyfills: These are installed automatically when you create your project
with ng new command and the respective import statements enabled in 'src/polyfills.ts'
file.
2. Optional polyfills: You need to install its npm package and then create import statement
in 'src/polyfills.ts' file. For example, first you need to install below npm package for
adding web animations (optional) polyfill.
npm install --save web-animations-js
and create import statement in polyfill file.
import 'web-animations-js';
 What are the ways to trigger change detection in Angular?

You can inject either ApplicationRef or NgZone, or ChangeDetectorRef into your component
and apply below specific methods to trigger change detection in Angular. i.e, There are 3
possible ways,
1. ApplicationRef.tick(): Invoke this method to explicitly process change detection and its
side-effects. It check the full component tree.
2. NgZone.run(callback): It evaluate the callback function inside the Angular zone.
3. ChangeDetectorRef.detectChanges(): It detects only the components and it's children.
 What are the differences of various versions of Angular?
1. Angular 1 • Angular 1 (AngularJS) is the first angular framework released in the year
2010. • AngularJS is not built
1.  for mobile devices. • It is based on controllers with MVC architecture.

2. Angular 2 • Angular 2 was released in the year 2016. Angular 2 is a complete rewrite of
Angular1 version. • The performance issues that Angular 1 version had has been
addressed in Angular 2 version. • Angular 2 is built from scratch for mobile devices
unlike Angular 1 version. • Angular 2 is components based.
3. Angular 3 The following are the different package versions in Angular 2. •
@angular/core v2.3.0 • @angular/compiler v2.3.0 • @angular/http v2.3.0 •
@angular/router v3.3.0 The router package is already versioned 3 so to avoid confusion
switched to Angular 4 version and skipped 3 version.
4. Angular 4 • The compiler generated code file size in AOT mode is very much reduced. •
With Angular 4 the production bundles size is reduced by hundreds of KB’s. • Animation
features are removed from angular/core and formed as a separate package. • Supports
Typescript 2.1 and 2.2.
5. Angular 5 • Angular 5 makes angular faster. It improved the loading time and execution
time. • Shipped with new build optimizer. • Supports Typescript 2.5.
6. Angular 6 • It is released in May 2018. • Includes Angular Command Line Interface
(CLI), Component Development KIT (CDK), Angular Material Package.
7. Angular 7 • It is released in October 2018. • TypeScript 3.1 • RxJS 6.3 • New Angular
CLI • CLI Prompts capability provide an ability to ask questions to the user before they
run. It is like interactive dialog between the user and the CLI • With the improved CLI
Prompts capability, it helps developers to make the decision. New ng commands ask
users for routing and CSS styles types(SCSS) and ng add @angular/material asks for
themes and gestures or animations.
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 What is Angular Framework?

Angular is a TypeScript-based open-source front-end platform that makes it easy to build

 What is the difference between AngularJS and Angular?

Some of the major difference in tabular form

npm install -g typescript

Let's see a simple example of TypeScript usage,

function greeter(person: string) {

let user = "Sudheer";

 Write a pictorial diagram of Angular architecture?

 What are the key components of Angular?

import { Directive, ElementRef, Input } from '@angular/core';

@Directive({ selector: '[myHighlight]' })

<p myHighlight>Highlight me!</p>

 What are components?

import { Component } from '@angular/core';

export class AppComponent {

 What are the differences between Component and Directive?

Some of the major differences are mentioned in a tabular form

import { Component } from '@angular/core';

export class AppComponent {

Using separate template file such as app.component.html

import { Component } from '@angular/core';

export class AppComponent {

import { NgModule } from '@angular/core';

The NgModule decorator has three options

 What are lifecycle hooks available?

 What is a data binding?

<li>Name: {{ user.name }}</li>

<input type="email" [value]="user.email">

2. From the DOM to the Component: Event binding: (event)=”function”: When a

<input type="email" [(ngModel)]="user.email">

1. Class decorators, e.g. @Component and @NgModule

import { NgModule, Component } from '@angular/core';

import { Component, Input } from '@angular/core';

export class MyComponent {

3. Method decorators Used for methods inside classes, e.g. @HostListener

import { Component, Inject } from '@angular/core';

 What is angular CLI?

npm install @angular/cli@latest

1. Creating New Project: ng new

 ng generate class my-new-class: add a class to your application

3. Running the Project: ng serve

 What is the difference between constructor and ngOnInit?

export class App implements OnInit{

import { Injectable } from '@angular/core';

@Injectable({ // The Injectable decorator is required for dependency

 What is dependency injection in Angular?

 How is Dependency Hierarchy formed?

 What is the purpose of async pipe?

 What is the option to choose between inline and external template

ng generate component hero -it

 What is the purpose of ngFor directive?

<li *ngFor="let user of users">

 What is the purpose of ngIf directive?

 What happens if you use script tag inside template?

export class InnerHtmlBindingComponent {

 What are template expressions?

<h3>{{username}}, welcome to Angular</h3>