Database Fundamentals: Made By: Shahinaz S. Azab Edited By: Mona Saleh

Database Fundamentals
Made by:
Shahinaz S. Azab
Edited by:
Mona Saleh
Objective
This course is designed to introduce the fundamentals of
Databases. The students will develop skills in the design,
construction, modification, and use of databases. Structured Query
Language (SQL) will be emphasized.
Course Duration
Lectures:15 hrs.
Labs: 12 hrs.
References
Ramez Elmasri, Fundamentals of Database Systems
C. J. Date: An Introduction to Database Systems,
2
Grading System
Assignments and Lab Work 40%

Final Exam 60%
3
Chapter 1 : Introduction
After Completing this chapter, you should be able to

do the following:
• Define Database, Database System

• Identify the Database Properties
• Define DBMS
• Functions of DBMS
• Advantages and Disadvantages of Database
Systems
4
Example
5
Example
6
File Based System
•It is a collection of programs that perform

services for the end user.
•Each Program defines and manages its own data
7
Limitations Of File based System Approach
•Separation & Isolation Of data

•Duplication Of data (inconsistency )
•Program Data Dependence (extenstion)
•Incompatible File Formats (compatible system)
8
Basic Definitions
• Database: A collection of related data.
• Database Management System (DBMS): A

software package/ system to facilitate the creation
and maintenance of a computerized database.
(oracle)
• Database System: The DBMS software together

with the data itself. Sometimes, the applications
are also included. ( Software + Database ) oracle
with data
9
Database Management System (DBMS)
Users
Database System
Application Programs (console)
DBMS Software to process

Software Queries
Software to access Stored Data
Stored DB
Stored
Definition
Database
(Metadata)
10
DBMS Advantages
• Controlling Redundancy .
• Restricting Unauthorized Access. schema
• Sharing data.
• Enforcing Integrity Constraints
• Inconsistency can be avoided.
• Providing Backup and Recovery.
11
DBMS Disadvantages
• Needs expertise to use (which is expensive)

• DBMS is expensive
• May be incompatible with any other available
DBMS
can be migrating
12
Database Users
• 4-Database Administrator (DBA)(install / tune

system /mantain linux problems
• 1- System (business) Analyst → contract / type of
dbms
• 2- Database Designer --→ er
• 3-Application programmers --→ sql
• 5- End users → feedback
13
DBMS Architecture
External Schema 1 External Schema 2 External Schema 3
Conceptual Schema
Physical Schema
Levels of Abstraction in a
DBMS
(Three Schema Architecture) Disk
14
Three Level/Schema Architecture
• External – What the user sees: focus on what different types

of users will see when viewing the database. They are
concerned with what data the user will see and how the data
will be presented to the user (secuirty , manager , sales) .
• Conceptual – The logical model: focus on the logical nature

of the data representation. They are concerned with what is
represented rather than how it is represented.(define
database structures such as tables and constraints)
designer/programer
• Internal – The physical model: place the emphasis on how

the data are represented in the database or on how the data
structures are implemented. Type of dbms
15
Mappings
• Definition: It is the processes of transforming

requests and results between levels.
• These mappings may be time-consuming.

However, a certain amount of mapping between
the conceptual and internal levels is necessary.
16
Data Independence
• The capacity to change the schema at one level

without having to change the schema at the
next higher level (zay service provider)
17
Data Models
• High Level or Conceptual data models provide

concepts that are close to the way many users
perceive data, entities, attributes and
relationships. (Ex. ERD)
• Physical data models describes how data is

stored in the computer and the access path
needed to access and search for data.
18
DBMS New Functions
• Data mining ai
• Spatial Data gis
• Image / Audio / Video
• Time Series bigdata
19
Database Environment
20
Centralized Database Environment
• Mainframe environment
• Client/Server environment
• Internet Computing environment:
21
Distributed Database
22
Assignment
• Relational Database Model: 1970’s
• Object-oriented Database: 1985
• Object Relational Model : 1990’s
23
Assignment (cont.)
• Data Warehousing
 Definition
 Purpose
 What is the difference of Distributed DB and Data
warehousing?
 What is the Difference between Data mining and Data
Warehousing?
• Business Intelligence
 Definition
 Usage
24
Questions ?
25

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Database Fundamentals

Assignments and Lab Work 40%

After Completing this chapter, you should be able to

• Define Database, Database System

•It is a collection of programs that perform

•Separation & Isolation Of data

• Database: A collection of related data.

• Database Management System (DBMS): A

• Database System: The DBMS software together

DBMS Software to process

Software to access Stored Data

• Needs expertise to use (which is expensive)

• 4-Database Administrator (DBA)(install / tune

• External – What the user sees: focus on what different types

• Conceptual – The logical model: focus on the logical nature

• Internal – The physical model: place the emphasis on how

• Definition: It is the processes of transforming

• These mappings may be time-consuming.

• The capacity to change the schema at one level

• High Level or Conceptual data models provide

• Physical data models describes how data is

• Internet Computing environment:

• Relational Database Model: 1970’s

• Object-oriented Database: 1985

• Object Relational Model : 1990’s

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