Unit - Iii Database Management Systems
Unit - Iii Database Management Systems
Unit - Iii Database Management Systems
DATABASE MANAGEMENT
SYSTEMS
DBMS
A Database Management System
(DBMS) is a set of computer
programs that controls the creation,
maintenance, and the use of a
database.
Architecture of a Database
Management System
External level
Conceptual level
Internal level
Advantages of a DBMS
Improved availability
Minimized redundancy
Accuracy
Program and file consistency
User-friendly:
Improved security
Disadvantages of a
DBMS
Cost
Security
Hierarchical model
Hierarchical model
Advantages of
Hierarchical Model
Easy addition and deletion of new
information.
Fast to access.
Easy to work
The model relates very well to
natural hierarchies.
It relates well to anything that works
through a one to many relationship.
Disadvantages of Hierarchical
Model
It requires data to be repetitively stored in many different
entities.
Can be very slow when searching for information on the
lower entities.
We no longer use linear data storage mediums such as tapes
so that advantage is null.
Searching for data requires the DBMS to run through the
entire model from top to bottom until the required
information is found, making queries very slow. Can only
model one to many relationships, many to many
relationships are not supported. Clever manipulation of the
model are required to make many to may relationships. For
example; what if a professor teaches classes, and is also a
graduate student?
RDBMS
RDBMS is a database management system
based on relational model defined by
E.F.Codd.
RDBMS allows operations in a human
logical environment.
The main elements of RDBMS are based on
Codds 13 rules for a relational system.
Data is stored in the form of rows and
columns.
Features
Provides data to be stored in tables
Persists data in the form of rows and columns
Provides facility primary key, to uniquely
identify the rows
Creates indexes for quicker data retrieval
Provides a virtual table creation in which
sensitive data can be stored and simplified
query can be applied.(views)
Sharing a common column in two or more
tables(primary key and foreign key)
Provides multi user accessibility that can be
controlled by individual users
Advantages
Improved conceptual simplicity
Easier database design,
implementation, management, and
use
Ad hoc query capability (SQL)
Powerful database management
system
Disadvantages
Possibility of poor design and
implementation
Relational databases do not have
enough storage area to handle data
such as images, digital and
audio/video.
The requirement that information
must be in tables where relationships
between entities are defined by
values.
Characteristics of
OODBMS
Integration of object oriented
programming with database
technology.
Data Encapsulation
Inheritance
Object Identity
Polymorphism
Query Processing
In databases that provide low-level access routines
such as IMS or flat file databases, the programmer
must write code to perform the queries.
With higher level database query languages such
as SQL and QUEL, a special component of the
DBMS called the Query Processor takes care of
arranging the underlying access routines to satisfy
a given query.
Thus queries can be specified in terms of the
required results rather than in terms of how to
achieve those results.
SQL
SQL (Structured Query Language) is a
query language designed to help
applications interface with a relational
DBMS.
It is closely related to the relational model.
SQL provides two sub-languages:
DDL: Data Definition Language - used to
define schemas, relations and domains.
DML: Data Manipulation Language - used to
perform data queries, insertions, updates and
deletions in a defined relational schema.
DBMS Languages
DBMS normally provides one or more
specialized programming languages
calledDatabase(orDBMS)Langua
ges to allow its users to perform a
number of operations on the
database such as insert, delete, and
retrieve data in abstract terms
without knowing about the physical
representations of data
Concurrency Control Of Database Management
DATA WAREHOUSING
A data warehouse is a subjectoriented, integrated, timevariant and non-volatile
collection of data in support of
management's decision making
process.
Data marts
Data marts, simply defined, are
smaller data warehouses that can
function independently or can be
interconnected to form a global
integrated data warehouse.
Data Warehouse Architecture (with a S taging Area)