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    3-Linear Measurement

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    Gregory Peake
    This document discusses linear measurement in surveying. It covers measuring distance using various equipment from pacing to electronic distance measurement. Proper taping procedures are outlined to minimize errors from obstructions, slope, catenary effect, and temperature. Sources of error in linear measurement like blunders, systematic errors and random errors are also discussed. Applications include measuring dimensions of buildings, blocks, and setting out construction sites.

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    3-Linear Measurement

    Uploaded by

    Gregory Peake
    461 views20 pages
    This document discusses linear measurement in surveying. It covers measuring distance using various equipment from pacing to electronic distance measurement. Proper taping procedures are outlined to minimize errors from obstructions, slope, catenary effect, and temperature. Sources of error in linear measurement like blunders, systematic errors and random errors are also discussed. Applications include measuring dimensions of buildings, blocks, and setting out construction sites.

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    3-Linear measurement

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    This document discusses linear measurement in surveying. It covers measuring distance using various equipment from pacing to electronic distance measurement. Proper taping procedures are outlined to minimize errors from obstructions, slope, catenary effect, and temperature. Sources of error in linear measurement like blunders, systematic errors and random errors are also discussed. Applications include measuring dimensions of buildings, blocks, and setting out construction sites.

    Copyright:

    Attribution Non-Commercial (BY-NC)
    Download as PPT, PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as ppt, pdf, or txt
    461 views20 pages

    3-Linear Measurement

    Uploaded by

    Gregory Peake
    This document discusses linear measurement in surveying. It covers measuring distance using various equipment from pacing to electronic distance measurement. Proper taping procedures are outlined to minimize errors from obstructions, slope, catenary effect, and temperature. Sources of error in linear measurement like blunders, systematic errors and random errors are also discussed. Applications include measuring dimensions of buildings, blocks, and setting out construction sites.

    Copyright:

    Attribution Non-Commercial (BY-NC)
    Download as PPT, PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as ppt, pdf, or txt
    of 20

    451-102

    Introduction to Surveying

    LINEAR MEASUREMENT

    Dr Philip Collier
    Department of Geomatics
    The University of Melbourne
    [email protected]
    Room 316
    Linear Measurement
    • In these lectures we will cover :
    – The role of linear measurement
    – Equipment
    – Procedures and rules
    – Errors
    – Applications of linear measurement
    What is linear
    measurement?
    • Simply the measurement of
    distance : 50.5 metres

    27.9 metres
    27.9 metres

    New building site -


    how big is it?

    50.5 metres
    Distance measuring
    equipment and typical
    accuracies
    • Pacing (1:100)
    • Optical range finder (1:300)
    • Trundle wheel (1:500)
    • Stadia tacheometry (1:1000)
    • Taping or chaining (1:10,000)
    • Electronic distance measurement (1:50,000)
    • More details on plane surveying web site
    Some things to note…
    • Equipment is fairly cheap (except EDM)
    • Equipment is easy to maintain and adjust (″ )
    • Distances are easy to measure
    • Very accurate results can be achieved
    • Measurement line needs to be unobstructed
    • Errors occur and need to be managed or minimised
    Taping procedures
    • Tape must always be straight
    • Tape must not be twisted
    • Use chaining arrows for intermediate points
    • Tape horizontally if possible
    • Tape on the ground if possible
    • Slope taping needs to be reduced
    • Catenary taping requires correction
    • Step taping suits some applications
    Tape must be straight…

    n ce
    ta
    dis c e
    obstruction a n
    i st
    d

    i r ed
    u
    req u r ed
    s
    mea
    measured distance ≠ required
    distance
    Use chaining arrows…

    n c e
    i s ta
    d c e
    a n
    s t
    di
    red
    a su ed
    e r
    m requi

    measured distance ≠ required


    distance
    Slope correction…
    = s
    a nce For example :
    Or….
    di st
    op e) s =s 30.589
    = 30.589mm
    ( sl ∆H θ = 2.5o
    r ed ∆ H = 1.334 m
    as u ∆ H = 1.334 m
    me
    then
    θ then
    h = (30.5892 - 1.3342)1/2
    horizontal distance = h
    h =h 30.560
    = 30.589
    m cos(2.5)
    h = 30.560 m
    To calculate the horizontal distance :

    h = s cosθ or h = (s2 - ∆ H2)1/2


    Step taping…

    required (horizontal) distance


    Catenary taping…

    mea
    sure nce
    d dis t a

    required distance

    measured distance ≠ required


    distance
    Types of errors
    • Blunders
    – mistakes and gross errorsThese error types
    apply to any
    • Systematic errors measurement
    – repeated size and sign technique used in
    – affect accuracy surveying…

    • Random errors
    – small and usually undetectable (noise)
    – affect precision
    Accuracy and precision
    Sources of error in
    taping
    • Temperature correction

    L′ = L +L.c.∆ T
    where :
    L′ is the corrected distance
    L is the measured distance
    c = 1.15 x 10-5 m/oC (for a steel band)
    ∆T= Tactual - Tstandard
    Sources of error in
    taping
    • Standardisation
    – The tape is not of “true” length
    measured length
    L′ = L x
    assumed length
    Sources of error in
    taping
    • Catenary (sag)
    – A suspended tape will measure too long

    2 3
    (Mg ) L 2
    L′ = L − cos β
    where : 2
    24T
    M is the mass per unit length (0.011 kg/metre)
    g is gravity (9.8 metre/sec2)
    T is the tension (50 Newton)
    β is the slope angle
    Sources of error in
    taping
    • Tension
    – Tape length will depend on applied
    tension
    • Slope
    – Distances must always be reduced to
    horizontal
    Applications
    • Dimensions of building features
    • Block dimensions
    • Location and size of site features
    • Setting out for construction
    • Clearances and tolerances
    An example
    side boundary clearances
    road width

    block dimensions

    building setbacks building dimensions

    underground services
    451-102
    Introduction to Surveying

    LINEAR MEASUREMENT

    Dr Philip Collier
    Department of Geomatics
    The University of Melbourne
    [email protected]
    Room D316

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