Plasma Membrane

The Plasma Membrane -
Gateway to the Cell 1
copyright cmassengale
Photograph of a Cell Membrane
Cell Membrane
The cell
membrane is
flexible and
allows a
unicellular
organism to
move
copyright cmassengale 3
Homeostasis
Balanced internal condition of cells

Also called equilibrium
Maintained by plasma membrane
controlling what enters & leaves
the cell
Functions of Plasma Membrane
 Protective barrier
 Regulate transport in & out of cell
(selectively permeable)
 Allow cell recognition
Provide anchoring sites for filaments of
cytoskeleton
Functions of Plasma Membrane
 Provide a binding site for enzymes

 Interlocking surfaces bind cells together
(junctions)
Contains the cytoplasm (fluid in cell)
Structure of the Cell
Membrane
Membrane Components
Phospholipids Proteins
Cholesterol
copyright cmassengale (peripheral and integral) 8
Carbohydrates (glucose)
Phospholipids
Make up the cell membrane
Contains 2 fatty
acid chains that
are nonpolar
Head is polar &
contains a –PO4
group &
glycerol
FLUID MOSAIC MODEL
FLUID- because individual phospholipids and proteins can

move side-to-side within the layer, like it’s a liquid.
MOSAIC- because of the pattern produced by the scattered
protein molecules when the membrane is viewed from
above.
11
Cell Membrane
Polar heads are hydrophilic “water loving”

Nonpolar tails are hydrophobic “water fearing”
Makes membrane “Selective” in what crosses
Cell Membrane
The cell membrane is made ofHydrophobic

2 layers of phospholipids
phospholipid molecules pass
called the lipid bilayer
easily; hydrophilic
copyright cmassengale DO NOT 14
Solubility
Materials that
are soluble in
lipids can pass
through the cell
membrane
easily
Semipermeable Membrane
Small molecules and larger hydrophobic

molecules move through easily.
e.g. O2, CO2, H2O
Semipermeable Membrane
Ions, hydrophilic molecules larger than

water, and large molecules such as proteins
do not move through the membrane on their
own.
17
Types of Transport Across
Cell Membranes
Simple Diffusion
Requires NO
energy
Molecules move
from area of
HIGH to LOW
concentration
DIFFUSION
Diffusion is a
PASSIVE process
which means no
energy is used to
make the molecules
move, they have a
natural KINETIC
ENERGY
Diffusion of Liquids
Diffusion through a Membrane
Cell membrane
Solute moves DOWN concentration gradient (HIGH to

LOW)
Osmosis
Diffusion across a membrane
 Diffusion of water
across a membrane
 Moves from HIGH
Semipermeable
water potential (low membrane
solute) to LOW
water potential (high
solute)
Diffusion of H2O Across A Membrane
High H2O potential Low H2O potential

24
Low solute concentration High solute concentration
Aquaporins
WATER
MOLECULES
 Water Channels
 Protein pores used during OSMOSIS 25
Cell in Isotonic Solution
10% NaCL ENVIRONMENT
90% H2O
CELL
NO NET
10% NaCL MOVEMENT
90% H2O
What is the direction of water movement?

equilibrium
The cell is at _______________. 26
Cell in Hypotonic Solution
10% NaCL
90% H2O
CELL
20% NaCL
80% H2O
What is the direction of water movement? 27

Cell in Hypertonic Solution
15% NaCL ENVIRONMENT
85% H2O
CELL
5% NaCL
95% H2O
What is the direction of water movement?

Cells in Solutions
Isotonic Solution Hypotonic
Hypertonic
Solution
Solution
NO NET
MOVEMENT OF
H2O (equal amounts CYTOLYSIS PLASMOLYSIS
entering & leaving)
Cytolysis & Plasmolysis
Cytolysis Plasmolysis
Osmosis in Red Blood Cells
Isotonic Hypotonic Hypertonic

What Happens to Blood Cells?
hypotonic hypertonic isotonic
hypertonic isotonic hypotonic

Three Forms of Transport Across the Membrane
Passive Transport
Simple Diffusion
 Doesn’t require energy
 Moves high to low
concentration
 Example: Oxygen or water
diffusing into a cell and
carbon dioxide diffusing out.
Passive Transport
Facilitated diffusion
Doesn’t require energy
Uses transport proteins to
move high to low
concentration
Examples: Glucose or amino
acids moving from blood
copyright cmassengale into a cell. 37
Proteins Are Critical to
Membrane Function
Types of Transport Proteins
Channel proteins are embedded in the
cell membrane & have a pore for
materials to cross
Carrier proteins can change shape to
move material from one side of the
membrane to the other
Facilitated Diffusion
Molecules will randomly move through
the pores in Channel Proteins.
Facilitated Diffusion
 Some Carrier proteins do not extend

through the membrane.
 They bond and drag molecules
through the lipid bilayer and release
them on the opposite side.
Carrier Proteins
Other carrier
proteins change
shape to move
materials across
the cell
membrane
Active Transport
Requires energy or
ATP
Moves materials from
LOW to HIGH
concentration
AGAINST
concentration gradient
Active transport
Examples: Pumping
Na+ (sodium ions) out
and K+ (potassium
ions) in against
strong concentration
gradients.
 Called Na+-K+ Pump
Sodium-Potassium Pump
3 Na+ pumped in for every 2 K+ pumped45

out; creates a membrane potential
Moving the “Big Stuff”
Exocytosis-
Exocytosis
moving
things
out.
Molecules are moved out of the cell by vesicles that fuse with the plasma membrane.
This is how
copyright many hormones are secreted and how nerve cells communicate with one
cmassengale 46
another.
another
Exocytosis
Exocytic vesicle
immediately after
fusion with plasma
membrane.
47
Moving the “Big Stuff”
Large molecules move materials into the cell by one of
three forms of endocytosis.
endocytosis
48
Pinocytosis
Most common form of endocytosis.

endocytosis
Takes in dissolved molecules as a vesicle. 49
Pinocytosis
 Cell forms an
invagination
 Materials dissolve in
water to be brought
into cell
 Called “Cell
Drinking”
Example of Pinocytosis
pinocytic vesicles forming mature transport vesicle
Transport across a capillary cell (blue).

Receptor-Mediated Endocytosis
Some integral proteins have receptors on

their surface to recognize & take in
hormones,
copyright cmassengale cholesterol , etc. 52
Receptor-Mediated Endocytosis
Endocytosis – Phagocytosis
Used to engulf large particles such as food,

bacteria, etc. into vesicles
Called “Cell Eating” 55
Phagocytosis About to Occur
57
Phagocytosis -
Capture of a
Yeast Cell
(yellow) by
Membrane
Extensions of
an Immune
System Cell
(blue)
58
Exocytosis
The opposite of endocytosis is exocytosis. Large
molecules that are manufactured in the cell are released
through the cell membrane.
59
Inside Cell Cell environment
Thank You
60

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The Plasma Membrane -

Gateway to the Cell 1

Balanced internal condition of cells

 Provide a binding site for enzymes

FLUID- because individual phospholipids and proteins can

Polar heads are hydrophilic “water loving”

The cell membrane is made ofHydrophobic

Small molecules and larger hydrophobic

Ions, hydrophilic molecules larger than

Solute moves DOWN concentration gradient (HIGH to

High H2O potential Low H2O potential

What is the direction of water movement?

What is the direction of water movement? 27

What is the direction of water movement?

Isotonic Hypotonic Hypertonic

hypertonic isotonic hypotonic

 Some Carrier proteins do not extend

3 Na+ pumped in for every 2 K+ pumped45

Most common form of endocytosis.

Transport across a capillary cell (blue).

Some integral proteins have receptors on

Used to engulf large particles such as food,

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