WINDING

Ring spinning produces yarn in a package form called cops. Since cops from
ringframes are not suitable for further processing, the winding process serves to
achieve additional objectives made necessary by the requirements of the
subsequent processing stages.
Following are the tasks of winding  process
• Extraction of all disturbing yarn faults such as the short, long thick , long
thin, spinners doubles, etc.
• Manufacture of cones having good drawing - off properties and with as long
a length of yarn as possible
• paraffin waxing  of the yarn  during the winding process
• introduction into the yarn of a minimum number of knots
• achievement of a high machine efficiency i.e. high production level
 AUTOMATIC CONE WINDING MACHINE (ROTO CONER)

Introduction:
Winding is one of the most important
operation which is mainly occurred
in spinning system.
1.The creation of large yarn package
that can be easily unwound, is
called winding.
2.This makes using the yarn on
subsequent machines both easier
and more economical.
3.There are three zone of winding.
a)Unwinding zone b)Tensioning and
clearing zone c)Winding zone
Object:
1.To prepare the bigger package from ring bobbing.
2.To remove spinning faults.
3.To wax the materials.
4.To improve the quality of yarn.
DIAGRAM
 AUTOMATIC CONE WINDING MACHINE (ROTO CONER)

The passage of yarn through high speed cone winding machine undergoes the following
process :-
PASSAGE
Yarn from ring copes or spinning cops -> Tensioner -> Slub catcher -> Broken thread
stop motion wire through groove in drum on the cone .
The supplied packages in the form of spinning cope ‘A’ is mounted in upright position by
means of a peg ‘I’ on the creel. The creel consist of a horizontal rod ‘K’ extends to the
entire length of the machine at regular intervals. According to the number of drums
number pegs are mounted. On the pegs the copes are placed. The yarn from the copes is
passed to the thread guide ‘H’ and tensioner ‘B’, it maintain the tension of the yarn. Some
high speed winders are having balloon breakers to avoid snarls and loops formed due to
the high speed. After that it has pass through slub catcher ‘C’. Slub catcher arrest the
slubs, naps, thick places. The yarn passes through the broken thread stop motion ‘D’ for
checking the thread broken or exhausted during the time of winding. Passing the yarn
through groove drum ‘E’ for maintaining the traverse of the yarn. Cone is placed on cone
holder ‘F’ for holding it. At the top of the cone holder a ring ‘G’ is fitted which indicate
when the desired length/diameter is completed
AUTOMATIC CONE WINDING MACHINE
AUTO CONER
AUTOMATIC CONE WINDING MACHINE
AUTO CONER
AUTOMATIC CONE WINDING MACHINE
AUTO CONER
 MODERN HIGH SPEED BEAM WARPING MACHINE

In high speed warping the winding of warp in sheet form on to double flange warping
beam is carried out at a high speed. The warping beams produced by this process are
very large in size and usually have flange diameter of 30 inches. The supplied packages
used in this process are in form of cones and rewinding of yarn takes place from the
nose in each cone during warping. A cone normally holds a large quantity of yarn from
1-2 kg, so that it can feed the warping machine for a long period without replacement.
The process is chiefly used for the preparation of grey and mono colour warp where
warp on large scale is carried out and double creels are provided. The process can be
used for the preparation of multi colour warp, even if the work is carried on a semi
mass scale.
The passage of the warp through back creel, falling rollers etc. in all type of high speed
beam warping machine offers applicable amount of tension and rubbing to yarn.
Moreover, the supplied package is either cone or cheese and from which the yarn is
withdrawn from nose or side respectively. Cheese or cone, besides giving higher
unwinding speed also. In the modern type of high speed beam warping machine some
of the above parts which are used in slow speed beam warping machine are eliminated.
 The system unwinding from cone nose, the over running of yarn is
avoided when the machine is stopped. In order to avoid the entanglement
broken ends, the beam under the neighbouring ends at high speed the
machines are provided with a powerful and efficient break which is
automatically put into action as soon as the machine is stopped by the
automatic thread stop motion. In high speed warping machine the warp
from the guide roller passes to the bottom of the warping beam, at its
back, the movement of the beam runs in opposite direction.
With this method in finding of broken end is made easy by turning the
beam in forward direction only. Thus omitted the necessity of using falling
rollers. On this machine no separate measuring roller is necessary and
instead of winding drum itself acts for measuring the yarn length on the
front guide roller acts for measuring the yarn found.
 TYPES OF CREEL

Creel is used to fit the bobbins at the time of warping. There are three types of
creel namely :-
1. V-shaped movable creel
2. Magazine creel and
3. Ordinary vertical creel
1. V-SHAPED MOVABLE CREEL :-
This creel is used in Barber Colman super speed warping machine. The creel
consist of vertical bars carrying cone or cheese in its vertical row, all the vertical
bars carrying the cones or cheese are linked to each other. The chain is connected
to a small electric motor. When the motor is switch on, the chain is made to move
the beam creel. Thus, inner side creel will go outside and outside creel will go to
inner side. When the outside cones are exhausted the small electric motor is
noted, this in turn drives the same and so the inner side will go to outside. There
are two motors at the top of the creel. One is used to moving one arm of v-
shaped creel and other one is used for moving of other arm of v-shaped creel.
During creeling, the creel boys draw the ends from its vertical row of nine cones and
leaves them hanging in a bunch form. These cone/cheeses are move outside after the
active cones/cheeses have been exhausted. Now the bunch are drawn forward at a time
by the warper for placing them in a proper order in the head stock of the machine.
In high speed warping machine, broken end device provided for each cone and so the
cones are prevented from running due to movement of inertia. When the machine is
stopped, in super speed barber coolman machine specially detect which are connected
rigidly to each cone and so yarn cones out like a stationery package. About 4-6 fans are
provided on top of the machine to clear dirt and dust.
ADVANTAGES:-
1. The machine need not to be stopped for the purpose of creeling, resulting in good
efficiency and increases the production.
2. In this type of creel more than one quality of count can be worked without using
timing for creeling. But in megazine creel only one quality of count can be worked
without stopping the machine. When the quality is changed, the machine have to be
changed.
 MEGAZINE CREEL
This type of creel is used in Scholarforst warping
machine. The main object of using megazine creel is
to increase the production of warping machine. The
unnecessary stoppage are reduced for creeling.
Continuous supply of material is desired by this
creel. From figure it is seen that the cones are
mounted side by side on the cone holders.
MEGAZINE CREEL
For example, if there are 500ends in creel , the number of cone holders
required is 1000. The number of tensioners are only 500. One cone is called
active or running cone while other is reserve cone. The tail end of the yarn on

the running cone being knotted to the starting end of the yarn of reserve
cone, when the yarn on running cone is exhausted. The yarn on reserve cone
will starts running. This cone with the cone holder can be move by the creel
spindle so that each cone can held in the working position as need in full lines
or in a position represented by dotted line. If the cone is in the dotted line
position , the creel replace the empty cone by the new full cone, then it will
put a knot by taking the starting ends of this cone and tail end of the running
cone. The creel spindle will move the cone holder to occupy the full line
position, thus the continuous supply of yarn is delivered from the creel.
ADVANTAGES:- For creeling, the machine need not to be stopped. Hence the
Following advantages are derived –
1. The production of the machine is more.
2. The efficiency of the warper is more.
DISADVANTAGES:-
1. Although the higher production is obtained by the use of this creel the of creels are
needed more.
2. The megazine creels are more expensive and their application is limited in the mill
warping on the standard count. If the counts are changed frequently, the megazine
creel will not be economical.
VERTICAL ORDINERY CREEL :-
This type of creel is used for preparing the warp sheet for handloom. Here, the
supplied package is in bobbin form. It is placed in vertical position. The creel boy
mounted the bobbin in spindle of the creel. Bobbins are smaller packages of yarn, so
much more longer warp sheet is not possible to be prepared in this creel. The vertical
wooden bars are fitted in a definite distance and the number of bobbins are mounted
in creel spindle in its vertical row. The starting ends from the bobbins are collected
from the creel and it has passed through the heck for forming the lease. Thus the
continuous supply of yarn may be delivered from the creel for preparing the warp
sheet.
VERTICAL ORDINARY CREEL
 BASIC MECHANISM IN PLAIN POWERLOOM

In order to interlace warp and weft thread to produce fabric the following
mechanisms are necessary on any type of loom :-
1. Primary or Fundamental mechanism
2. Secondary or subsidiary mechanism
3. Auxiliary mechanism
1. Primary or Fundamental Mechanism :- The primary mechanisms are :-
a. Shedding mechanism
b. Picking mechanism
c. Beating up mechanism
These are fundamental or essential mechanism. Without these mechanism it is
practically impossible to produce a fabric in handloom/powerloom. For this
reason, these mechanisms are called primary or fundamental mechanism.
a. SHEDDING MECHANISM :- The shedding mechanism separate the warp thread
in to two layers or division to form a tunnel known as shed.
b. PICKING MECHANISM:- The picking mechanism passes weft threads from one
selvedge to other selvedge to form the fabric through the shed by means of a vehicle
shuttle, a projectile, a rapier, a needle and air jet or a water jet. The inserted weft thread
is known as pick.

BEATING UP MECHANISM :- The beat up mechanism beats up or pushes the newly

inserted weft thread into the already woven fabric at a point known as fell of the
cloth. These three mechanisms namely shedding, picking and beat up are done in
sequences.
2.SECONDARY MECHANISMS:- These mechanisms are next in important to the primary
mechanism. If weaving is to be continuous, these mechanisms are essential, so
they are called secondary mechanism. Secondary mechanisms are
a. Take-up and
b. Let-off motion
a. TAKE-UP MOTION :- The take up motion withdraw the clothes from the weaving
area at a constant rate so as to give the required pick spacing (picks per inch) and
then winds it onto the cloth roller.
b. LET-OFF MOTION :- The let-off motion delivers the warp to the weaving
area at the required rate and at constant tension by unwinding it from the
warp beam. The secondary motions are carried out simultaneously.

3. AUXILIARY MECHANISM :-
To make high production and good quality of fabric additional
mechanism called auxiliary mechanisms are added to the plain
powerloom. The auxiliary motions are useful but not essential. This is why
they are called auxiliary mechanisms. These are listed below –
a. Warp protecting motion (fast reed and loose reed)
b. Weft stop motion(weft fork motion)
c. Temple motion
d. Brake motion
e. Drop box motion
METHOD OF DRIVING PLAIN POWERLOOM
 HACOBA AUTOMATIC PIRN WINDING MACHINE
MECHANISM AND WORKING PRINCIPLE

This manufacturing company manufactures single spindle and four spindle types of
machine. These are used for cotton and man-made fibres types of yarn. The supplied
packages in the form of cones are mounted on peg or creel at the top of the machine.
The yarn is taken from cone and is passed through a porcelain guide and then through
twin disc guided by tensioner. The tensioner can be adjusted by adjusting the spring
tension which is provided on the tensioner. Higher the pressure between the discs,
higher the tension. For coarser count higher tension is applied. Then the yarn next
passes through an other guide and then through a broken thread stop motion.
The wire is used to stop the machine whenever a thread breakage occurs and
exhausted. Finally, the material is passed through traverse guide up to the pirn. The
traverse guide takes traverse motion by means of a cam and so traversing of yarn is
carried out by rotating the pirn. The pirn is holds between two holder, one at the base
and another at the tip holder.
PASSAGE OF YARN
Creel -> Cone -> Guide ->Tensioner -> Broken thread stop motion -> Traverse guide ->
Pirn.
MODERN HIGH SPEED MULTI CYLINDER SIZING MACHINE
MECHANISM AND WORKING PRINCIPLE
 Yarn to be sized are wound on a given number of back beam known
as a set. These beams are produced from warping machine. The numbers
of beams are decided according to the numbers of warp thread required
in the weavers beam or warp beam.
The back beam ‘A’ are placed in a creel, which is at the back side of
the machine. The warp sheets from its beam is passed over and under the
other beam warp sheets. Thus, the sheets are combined in to a single
sheet is passed over two guide roller ‘B’ and below a tension roller ‘E’. This
tension roller is of falling type and is used to impart tension on the warp
sheet. These warp sheet is lower in to the size solution by means of an
immersion roller ‘C’. This roller is used to immersed the warp sheet in to
the size solution and also use to control the size pick-up.
Then the sheet is passed between a pair of the squeezing roller ‘D’.
The function of squeezing roller is to force the size in to the yarn. Another
Function is to squeezed out the excess of the size from the yarn. Float roller ‘F’ is used
for controlling the level of size. The steam pipes ‘G’ is used to supply the steam to boil
the various size ingredients which are mixed as per requirement. Then the sheet is
passed over a guide roller ‘I’ and then on to the drying cylinder ‘H’. The drying cylinder
‘H’ are treated by steam so that the sheet of yarn is dried. The sheet immerses at the
headstock as a single sheet in which all the single threads are sticked together. To
separate the thread, splitting rod or lease rod ‘J’ are used. Usually, the numbers of
lease rods are same or one less than the numbers of back beams used. Then the
individual threads are passed through the dents of the expanding comb ‘K’
The purpose of expanding comb is to adjust the width of warp sheet according to the
width of weavers’ beam. Then the sheet is passed over a guide roller which also acts
as measuring roller ‘L’ . A measuring motion is connected to drag roller ‘M’. So, the
length of warp sheet delivered can be easily find out from the dial. Then the sheet is
passed below a drag or draw roller ‘M’ and then over a guide roller ‘N’. The drag roller
is used to drag the warp sheet from lease rod. From the guide roller, the sheet is
wound on the
weavers’ beam ‘P’ positively and a pressure roller or contact roller ‘Q’ ensure
uniform and compact beam.
The figure shows the passes of yarn through the machine of schweiter pirn
winding, the supplied packages in the form of cones are mounted in an
inverted position (horizontally) at the top called creel. There is a horizontal rod
extended to the entire length of the machine. It falls a number of cone holder
at regular intervals fit the cones. And the material is passed through a twine
disc like of tensioner. Two discs are arranged together by means of a pressure
plate with a knob. The knob is graduated from 0-9. The tension on the yarn is
adjusted by rotating the knobs. For finer count the tension of the yarn is more.
The yarn is then pass over a broken thread stop motion which stops the unit
whenever an end breakage occurs. Then the material is passed through a
thread guide, which acts as a traverse guide and finally on to the pirn. The pirn
is hold axially in between two holder, one at the base and other at the tip. This
arrangement eliminates the vibration of the pirn. Winding is carried out by
rotating the pirn and traversing is carried out by the traverse guide.
MODERN CONE WINDING MACHINE
This machine is a super speed automatic machine made by M/s Barbar
Coolman company of U.S.A. It normally winds yarn from ring bobbin on to a
special form of spool to make cheese of narrow width but a larger diameter.

The machine posses a numbers of outstanding features which are intended

for reducing the winder works as well as the cost of winding. Besides, yarn of
practically uniform quality with most of its original elasticity retain is obtained
on this machine.
The supplied package consist of ring bobbin. Each bobbin is fitted on
a skewer which holds it in a vertical position, so as to enable unwinding of
yarn to take rest from the end of the supplied package.The yarn from supplied
bobbin passes through a thread eye which is situated at the distance of 1.5
inch over the tip of the bobbin. Skewer should hold the bobbin in line with
the thread eye otherwise it will cause the skewer failure. For its running
Supplied bobbin, there is one reservoir full of bobbin which is fitted by the
Side of the former forward. In the event of winding, exhaustion of yarn on the
ring bobbin, it will be automatically rejected from the bobbin holder and drop
on to a conveyor measuring it to a shorting table located at one end of the
machine.

The empty skewer can then be fitted with a full bobbin by the operative. The
yarn from supplied packages passes through the snick plate as the yarn passes
through the yarn plate and snick plate, foreign impurities at ring bobbin to the
yarn, short thick places and germs are removed without damaging the yarn. The
yarn next passes through the local thread stop motion which acts automatically
in the event of an end breaking, when the threads break or supply package
exhaust, it will cause the corresponding cheese or spool to be lifted out of
contact with the winding drum. The yarn from the thread stop motion passes on
to a grooves winding drum rotates at terrific speed and the spool receives its
motion due to its frictional contact with the spool or cheese. The grooves on the
drum also acts as a traverse guide to the yarn which traverse in a groove during
winding.
PASSAGE OF YARN THROUGH B.C.SPOOLER WINDING M/C :-
Supply package -> Thread eye ->Snick Plate ->Broken thread stop motion
-> drum -> Spooler or Cheese.
TAPPET SHEDDING AND REVERSING MOTION
A shade is form by splitting warp threads in to two layers for easy passes of the
shuttle. The simplest form of shedding is for a plain weave with the warp threads
drawn alternately to two sets of heald shaft, which divides the warp by their alternate
raising and falling movement for formation of shed.
A tappet is given a rotary motion so that it depresses a lever known as treadle lever by
means of antifrictional bowl by this arrangement the heald shaft is operated.
As shown in the figure, a negative tappet shedding mechanism ‘A’ and ‘B’ are fixed to
the bottom shaft ‘C’ at 180 degree to each other. Two treadle levers D and E are
connected to the fulcrum point ‘F’. The bracket acts as a fulcrum of the lever. The two
treadle have teeth to carry the lam rod G and H respectively. Two heald shaft J and K
are connected to the lam rod. A top reversing roller shaft ‘P’ carries two rollers of
different diameter. The roller of a small diameter ‘N’ is connected to the leather strap
‘L’ to which the front heald ‘J’ is connected. The roller ‘O’ of large diameter is
connected to the leather strap ‘M’ to which the back heald shaft ‘K’ is connected. The
tappet A and B touch the antifrictional bowl R and S respectively, which are fixed to
the treadle levers.
The heald shaft have heald eyes ‘T&U’ through which the warp thread pass.
‘X’ is the warp sheet and ‘Y’ is the cloth or fabrics.

WORKING PRINCIPLE :-
When the bottom shaft is rotated in the clock-wise direction as shown in the figure,
the tappets are also rotated . The tappet will depressed the antifrictional bowl and the
treadle. Being fulcrum at one end, the front portion of the treadle moves down. This
action is transferred to the lam rod, the heald shaft and leather strap. So, one heald
shaft is lower and forms the bottom layer of the shed.
The leather strap attached to the reversing roller are connected in opposite direction,
i.e. When leather strap is pull down it is unwound from its roller. The shaft therefore
rotates in the clockwise direction and the other leather strap is bound to its roller. The
heald shaft is raised and therefore lam rod and treadle lever are also raise. The treadle
connected to the heald shaft are also raise and forms the top layer of the shed.
For the next shed, the other tappet works with the other shedding bowl, treadle, lam
rod, heald shaft, leather strap and roller and thus the other heald shaft is lower. The
first heald shaft is raise by the top reversing roller and the position of the heald shafts
are thus interchange. In this way, for one rotation of bottom shaft two sheds are
formed.
 EARLY SHEDDING AND LATE SHEDDING
A shed is said to be early when the pick is effected after the shed is completely woven. Early
shedding generally causes chaffing (rubbing and making warp heat) and more strain on the
warp yarn then late shedding. Because, the reed beats up the last pick of weft up to the fell
of the cloth after the shed has been closed. It is much used for hard weaves like cork screw
and weaving coarse cotton, worsted and woollen warp sheet.
ADVANTAGES OF EARLY SHEDDING :-
The advantages of early shedding is to facilitate heavy wefting to assist in clearing the shed
in weaving fibrous warp and for equi-distribution of ends in the cloth. It gives a very
unsteady fell. Sometimes early shedding is done and the backrest is raised up for
prevention of reed mark and for obtaining cover of clothes.
LATE SHEDDING :-
Late shedding allowed the weft to be force to the fell of the cloth before the shed has been
properly crossed over the weft and that prevents the fibres in warp and weft yarn from
locking in to each other and it cause less strain upon the warp ends. It posses a very weak
fell of the cloth owing to the last pick of weft rolling back. It is necessary for weave weak
warp and is useful in weaving plain clothes in drop box loom using several shuttles. It is also
useful if the power of the pick is weak.
 CONVENTIONAL PICKING MECHANISMS

In this mechanism a carrier known as shuttle carries the weft yarn in a package
called pirn. The main functions of conventional or negative picking mechanism
–
a) To deliver the shuttle along with pirn to the correct path.
b) To project the shuttle at a pre determine velocity.
TYPES OF CONVENTIONAL PICKING MECHANISM :-
a) Over pick mechanism (Cone over pick mechanism)
b) Under pick mechanism (i. Side lever under pick mechanism
ii. Side shaft under pick mechanism
iii. Cone under pick mechanism.)
CONE OVER PICK MECHANISM :- A picking tappet driven by the bottom shaft
and carrying a nose bit hits a cone which in turns drives a vertical shaft . From
here the motion is transmitted to the picker through a picking stick up to the
picker. The picker pushes the shuttle in to the shed.
b) i. SIDE LEVER UNDER PICK MECHANISM :- In this mechanism, a circular disc
carries a bowl hits a shoe, which in turn depresses a side lever and the picking stick
is driven. So, the picker is pushed and the shuttle is pushed out of its box

in to the shed.
ii. SIDE SHAFT UNDER PICK MECHANISM :- A disc carry a bowl is driven by the
bottom shaft. The bowl hits a shoe, which in turn drives the picking stick through
a side shaft lever and connecting lever. Picker is pushed and the shuttle is shoot
out from the shuttle box in to the shed.
iii. CONE UNDER PICK MECHANISM :- The nose of a picking tappet driven by the
bottom shaft. This in turn pulls a lug strap and picking stick. The picker,
connected to the picking is pushed and so the shuttle comes out from the shuttle
box and traverses the shed.
CONE OVER PICK MECHANISM
The picking mechanism is usually placed outside the loom framing. Two such
mechanisms are mounted at either side of the loom with picking opposite to
each other so as to operate each of the picking motion alternately. The picking
shaft is held against the loom framing by a footstep bearing at bottom end and
cannon bearing near the top. Picking
Shaft carries a picking cone fixed by a stud. The wooden picking stick is
attached to the picking shaft by means of a serrated plates and a grooved
kept from top and all these parts locked into a position by a large (bigger) nut
at the top of the shaft. The cone end of the picking stick is coupled to the
picker by a picking strap.

Mounted on bottom shaft is a picking tappet which consist of three parts

namely Boss, Disc(shell) and nose bit. The boss is kept firmly to the bottom
shaft and the shell is connected to the boss by two bowl passing through
the slots of boss and shell. The force and speed of the shuttle depends
upon the length and shape of nose bit. For fast running narrow loom nose
bit will be smaller whereas slow running wide loom needs a longer nose bit.
The nose bits of picking tappet while rendering stroke against picking cone
and the movement of which is transmitted to the picking stick through
picking shaft and causes picker to move inwards to drive shuttle across the
loom. The coil spring returns the cone to the surface of picking tappet and
all parts of the machines are ready for next picks.
As shown in the figure, when the bottom shaft rotates, the nose of the
tappet also rotates. When the nose comes against the cone, it strikes the
cone. This causes a partial rotary movement of the vertical shaft. The
picking arm or picking stick thus swings inward with sufficient velocity to
drive the picker. The shuttle being in contact with ends of the picker is pushed
across the shed.

The picking arm or picking stick in return held to original position by the coil
spring . The cone is always kept in contact the shell portion by the spring. For
the next pick, the tappet on the other side is set in motion and the shuttle
will be pushed out of the other box. So, for every rotation of the bottom shaft
two picks are inserted.
COMPARISION BETWEEN OVER PICK AND UNDER PICK MECHANISM :-
(MERITS AND DEMERITS)
The comparison and relative merits and demerits of an over pick and
an under pick motion are :
1. The position of picking arm or picking stick fulcrum is completely below
the shuttle box in an under pick loom, whereas in an over pick loom the
position of picking arm fulcrum is above the shuttle box.
2. Speed of over pick loom is greater than that of an under pick.
3. An over pick motion is used for narrow looms whereas an under pick used
for both narrow and medium looms.

4. An over pick motion is extensively used in weaving light and medium

weight fabrics in cotton mills, whereas an under pick is prefer in silk and
rayon looms and weaving heavy fabrics and also in jacquard and
automatic looms.
5. An over pick consumes less power than an under pick and works more
smoothly.
6. Movement of the under pick is more direct making it most suitable for a
high speed wide loom running a light shuttle. The under pick is must
cleaner than over pick.
7. The spindle, on which the picker of the over pick moves, required to be
oil frequently, this is ruinous to some kinds of cloth but this does not
occur in an under pick.
 PARALLEL MOTION
UNDER PICK MECHANISM (Stearn’s parallel motion)
A motion that combines the advantages of the over pick and under pick is
cone under pick motion. These mechanism is more powerful, clean and easily
regulated. The picker is fixed to the top of picking stick. The design of this

motion moves the picker in a horizontal direction . The picking stick is mounted
on a special design curved shoe that rocks evenly on a flat surfaces of a
horizontal plate, so that the top of stick moves in a straight path, instead of a
circle.
The motion is obtained from a picking tappet mounted on a bottom
shaft to the picking cone fixed on a picking shaft. Turning of picking shaft
Turns picking arm readily through a lug and lug strap pulls picking stick which
throws the shuttle for its passes through the shed. The curve shoe is slotted
at its back for bottom end of picking stick and at front for up right guide
piece. A metal sheath is bolted to the front of picking stick with curve shoe at
the base which bears on a rope hide inside. A coil spring in turn returns the
picking stick through a strap after picking is over.
The timing of picking can be alter by the picking shell on its boss, for
the cone over pick motion. Besides the picking can be straightened by lowering
the short lug strap on picking arm.
EARLY PICKING AND LATE PICKING
TIMING OF PICKING
 The picking tappet can be set to give three different picking timing, these
are a) Normal picking b)Early picking and c) Late picking.

a) Normal picking :- If the shuttle leaves the shuttle box at 180 degree (bottom centre
condition) then the picking is known as normal picking.
b) Early picking :- If the shuttle leaves the shuttle box 5 degree before bottom centre
then the picking is refers to as early picking. So, the shuttle enters the shed 5 degree
earlier.
Advantages of Early picking :-
1. Early picking allows the shuttle to take more time to travel across the sley race.
2. It is suitable for weaving with weak picks.
Disadvantages :-
As the shed will not be open sufficiently for easy entry of the shuttle in
To it , there could be a possibility of the shuttle flying off, leading in turn to
Warp yarn breakage or broken selvedge.
c) Late picking :- If the shuttle leaves the shuttle box 5 degree after bottom centre
then the picking is known as late picking. So, the shuttle enters the shed 5 degree
later.
Advantages of late picking :-The late picking is adopted for drop box loom to
allow the boxes a little more time to come to race before the next picking
action and also to increase the force of picking.

Disadvantages :-
1. This pick is always harsh.
2. Late picking will give weft stitches or broken selvedge.
Beating up Mechanisms – Eccentricity of sley :-
The beating up is the third primary movement in weaving. It consist in
driving the last pick of weft to the fell of the cloth. This is accomplished by
going parts with the help of reed fixed in the sley. The sley is given a sudden
and quick movement towards the fell of the clothes by the cranks in the crank
shaft. The sley would allow the shuttle to run from one shuttle box to another
in its backward movement, the shuttle travel over its race.
In conventional looms, it is seen that the heavy weight of sley is used in
order to carry the reed forward to push the weft up to the fell of the cloth,
And is then move a considerable distance to allow the shuttle to pass through
the shed. The maximum kinetic energy of the sley is thus related to the size
of the shuttle and weight of the heald

But in unconventional looms, the additional shuttle is not use as a vehicle

of weft and the sley does not hold shuttle boxes. In this loom the reed beats
up the last pick at the front centre of the sley, as usual. But at the back centre,
a pick of weft is pass through a small shed from a large stationery weft
packages.
The going or beating up parts in the loom consists of the following :-
a) Crank and crank arm
b) Shuttle boxes
c) Connecting pins
d) Reed
e) Reed cap, sley race
f) Rocking shaft.
 ECCENTRICITY OF SLEY

The sley has primarily got two functions to perform. When at its forward
motion, it must have sufficient velocity to firmly beat up the last pick to the
fell of the cloth. Secondly, when at the backward position, its movement to be
slow to allow the sufficient time to pass the shuttle across the shed. The
movement of the sley is therefore variable, unequal or eccentric. The traverse
of unequal spaces by the sley in equal units of time is known as its eccentric
movement. The reed beats up the last pick with required velocity and acts as
a guide to a shuttle to pass across the warp, when the shed is open.
The amount of eccentricity of sley motion depends on the following factors :-
1. The size of the crank shaft.
2. The length of crank arm
3. The position of the rank shaft in relation to the point of connection of the
crank arm with the sley.
 The eccentricity of sley’s motion is not the same in all narrow and broad
looms. A large crank and a short connecting arm are used for both looms. The
larger the crank employed, the greater will be distance travel and

the more eccentricity is then imparted to the going parts. In narrow looms, a
small crank and a long connecting arms are employed.

TIMING AND SYNCHRONISATION OF PRIMARY MOTION

The circle of timing as shown in the figure is typical on most tappet

looms. The construction of the rotation of crank shaft is shown by the
arrow. The order of the rotation of crank shaft may also be reverse, as is
generally done on American looms.
In the figure, the positions for the timing of the shed, shedding,
picking and beat-up have been located in over pick tappet loom.
1. 0 degree or 360 degree :-

a) Healds are level, warp threads are parallel with the floor in over pick
loom.
b) Cranks are on the top centre. Shed is in the mid position between the
back and front centre.
c) Cone is in contact with the picking disc or shuttle is at dwell.

2. 90 degree :-

a) Healds are cross in over pick loom. Healds are level in under pick loom.
b) Crank is at the front centre. Reed is in contact with the fell of the cloth,
i.e. Beat –up.
c) Cone remains in contact with picking disc. Shuttle is at dwell in the box.
d) Fastest movement of the sley.
3. 120 degree :-

a) Shed is open, dwell period on the shedding tappet and healds commences.
4. 120 degree to 240 degree :-
a) Shed remains open, dwell period on the shedding tappet and maximum depth
of shed. Shed is fully open.
5. 150 degree :-
a) Picking nose is in widely contact with the cone and the shuttle begins to move
in the box in over pick loom.
6. 180 degree :-
a) Shed remains fully open.
b) Picking nose tip is in final contact with the cone, shuttle leaves the box in over
pick loom.
c) Shuttle moves in box in the under pick loom.
d) Crank is at the bottom centre. Shell is in mid position between the front and
back centre.
7. 210 degree :-

a) Shuttle enters the warp shed.

b) Shuttle leaves the box in under pick loom.
8. 240 degree :-
a) Shed begins to close.
b) Changing period of healds begin in the tappet loom.
c) Shuttle enters the shed of warp thread in under pick loom.
9. 270 degree:-
a) Healds are change in places or shed is causing in the tappet loom.
b) Shuttle passes through the warp.
c) Sley is far away from the fabric, slowest movement of the sley.
10. 300 degree :-
a) Shuttle enters the other shuttle box.
11. 330 degree :-

a) Shuttle is check by the check strapes.

b) Shuttle is locked by the swell spring in the box.
The timing is some time sketch in which the loom crank position
corresponds with 0 degree sley at front centre 90 degree bottom crank
position, 180 degree sley at back centre and 270 degree top crank position,
these circles of timing is preferred by some loom makers and manufacturers.
The shedding and picking motion admit of little alteration with respect to
the time at which they may operate. The timing shown in the figure is a
standard one and may be alter to take place about 10 degree sooner or later
according to requirement. The timing is indicated by the radial time and may
be decrease the time, allowed for the passage of shuttle across the warp in a
60 inch or 152 cm loom, is over 60 degree. It varies considerably, being
determine by the reed space of a loom and the weight and resistance of the
shuttle.
7-WHEEL TAKE-UP MOTION
 OBJECTS OF TAKE-UP MOTION

The objects of take-up motions are :-

a) To draw the cloth forward at a constant rate from the weaving area as it is woven and
to wind the cloth on to the cloth roller.
b) To maintain uniform pick spacing i.e. the same number of picks per inch or picks per
centimetre anywhere along the cloth.
7-WHEEL TAKE-UP MOTION:-
Limitation of 5-wheel take-up motion lead rise to seven wheel take-up motion which
is also called pickle’s motion. This motion consists of two additional gear or wheel as
compare with five wheel take up motion. 7-wheel take-up motion as shown in the
figure consists of a ratchet wheel ‘A’ ,standard wheel ‘D’, change wheel ‘B’, change
wheel pinion (swing pinion) ‘C’, stud wheel ‘E’, stud pinion ‘F’, beam wheel ‘G’ and
take-up roller beam (emmery roller) ‘H’. A fulcrum ‘L’ take-up lever ‘K’ pulls pawl fixed
at its top by forward movement of sley through a monkey tail. The pushing pawl
turns ratchet wheel by one tooth for every pick being beaten up and through a chain
of gear transmit motion to the take-up roller. The clothes passes around the take-up
roller and winds over a cloth roller.
 The holding pawl (retaining catch) prevents the ratchet wheel from during
in the reverse direction unless the weaver releases intentionally by finger
lever forward or by the weft fork lever when weft breaks or its exhausted

WORKING PRINCIPLE
The sley moves forward during beat-up, so the stud moves the bottom
portion of the monkey tail turn forward the motion. The pawl moves
backward due to fulcrum and pulls one tooth of the ratchet wheel. The cloth
roller due to its frictional contact with the emmery roller rotates and take-up
the cloth. The holding pawl holds the ratchet wheel when the pawl is in
action to avoid over turning or slippage of the ratchet wheel. The amount of
rotation given to the cloth roller per pick ensure the correct number of pick
spacing in the fabric. The picks per inch in the fabric depend upon –
i)The number of teeth of the change wheel, which is a driver wheel. If the
number of teeth is increase the rate of take-up will be decrease. As the result
the number of picks per inch will be high. The higher number of teeth in the
Change wheel, the higher will be the picks per inch and vice versa.
ii) The position of stud in the slot :- if the position of the stud is lower, a
fewer number of teeth will be pick-up by the pawl and vice-versa. Hence,
the number of picks per inch can be alter.
iii) Normally a movement of only one tooth at a time is given to the pushing
pawl.
iv) The number of teeth on the standard wheel :- The greater the number of
teeth of the standard wheel, the lower will be number of picks per inch
and vice-versa.