THE BEGINNING

OF


Prepared By:
Lumbria, Rica G. (BSED- MATH1A)
Segundo, Rene M. ( BSED- MATH2A)
 Topic Outline

:The Geometrical Discoveries of Thales
:Pythagorean Mathematics
:The Pythagorean Problem
:Three Construction Problems of Antiquity
:The Quadtrix of Hippias
 INTRODUCTION

 The beginnings of Greek mathematics
originated from the 6th century BC to the
5th century AD
 The word mathematics comes from the
Greek word μάθημα (mathema), meaning
"subject of instruction“
 PERIODS IN GREEK
MATHEMATICS

 FIRST – influenced by Pythagoras
 SECOND – Plato and his school

 THIRD – Alexandrian School flourished in

Grecian Egypt and extended its influence to
Sicily and Palestine
 GREEK NUMBERS

 Greeks had a variety of different ways of
writing down numbers
 Some Greeks used a system based on writing
the first letter of the word for that number
 For number ten “Deka”, they would draw a
D to mean 10. (a delta, in the Greek
alphabet)
 GREEK NUMBERS

Greek adapted an alphabetic notation for
representing numbers,
The first nine letters of the greek alphabet
were associated with the first nine integers
The next nine letters represented the first
nine integral multiples of 10
The last nine letters were used for the first
nine integral multiples of 100
Some other numbers in greek symbols


 GREEK NUMBERS

 Because the Greeks had very clumsy ways
of writing down numbers, they didn't like
algebra
 They were more focused on geometry, and
used geometric methods to solve problems
that you might use algebra for
 They found it very hard to write down
equations or number problems.
 GREEK NUMBERS

 Greek mathematicians were very interested
in proving that certain mathematical ideas
were true.
 They spent a lot of time using geometry to
prove that things were always true,even
though people like Egyptians and
Babylonians already knew that they were
true most of the time away.
 MOST FAMOUS GREEK
MATHEMATICIANS

 Thales
 Pythagoras
 Anaxagoras
 Democritus
 Aristotle
 Hippocrates
 Euclid
 Archimedes
 The Geometrical
Discoveries of Thales

 Born 624. BC in Miletus
 the first of the Greeks
who took any scientific
interest in mathematics in
general
 Improved Egyptian
mathematics
 The Geometrical
Discoveries of Thales

 Thales, an engineer by
trade, was the first of the
Seven Sages, or wise men
of Ancient Greece. Thales
is known as the first
Greek philosopher,
mathematician and
scientist.
The Geometrical Discoveries of Thales

 He knew many number relations
 In his work is the foundation of deductive
geometry
 He is credited with a few of the simplest
propositions relating to the plane figures
 His great contribution lay in suggesting a
geometry of lines and in making the subject
abstract
 He gave the idea of a logical proof as applied to
geometry

The Geometrical Discoveries of Thales

Thales is credited with the following five theorems of
geometry:
A circle is bisected by its diameter.
Angles at the base of any isosceles triangle are equal.
If two straight lines intersect, the opposite angles formed
are equal.
If one triangle has two angles and one side equal to another
triangle, the two triangles are equal in all respects. (See 
Congruence)
Any angle inscribed in a semicircle is a right angle. This is
known as Thales' Theorem.
PROPOSITION RELATING PLANE
FIGURES

 a circle is bisected by its
diameter,
 the angles at the bases of
any isosceles triangle are
equal
 if two straight lines cut
one another, the opposite
angles are equal.
 if two triangles have two
angles and a side in
common, the triangles are
identical.
 INTERCEPT THEOREM

 The ratios of any 2
segments on the first line
equals the ratios of the
according segments on the
second line
THALES THEOREM

If AC is a
diameter, then
the angle at B is
a right angle
PHYTAGORAS (grč. Πυθαγόρας)

 Born 570. BC in
Samos
 Died 495. BC
 worked with abstract
geometric objects and
numbers
 gathered his school as
a sort of
mathematician secret
brotherhood
 Pythagorean
Mathematics
  
In mathematics,
the Pythagorean
theorem, also known
as Pythagoras's
theorem, is a
fundamental relation
in Euclidean geometry
 among the three sides
of a right triangle.

 
SQUARE NUMBERS

 These numbers are
clearly the squares
of the integers 1, 4,
9, 16, and so on.
Represented by a
square of dots
PYTHAGORAS AND MUSIC
  Musical notes could be
translated into
mathematical equations
 The Pythagorean theorem
has attracted interest
outside mathematics as a
symbol of mathematical
abstruseness, mystique, or
intellectual power; popular
references in literature,
plays, musicals, songs,
stamps and cartoons
abound.
 OTHER MOST FAMOUS GREEK
MATHEMATICIANS

 Anaxagoras
 Democritus
 Aristotle
 Hipocrates
 Euclid
 Archimedes
DEMOCRITUS (grč. Δημόκριτος )


Born 460. BC, died
370.BC
Famous atomist
Introduced the idea
of an infinite
number of points
that make up the
line

He observed that a
cone or pyramid has
one-third the volume
of a cylinder or prism
respectively with the
same base and height
 Plato (428 BC – 348 BC)

 Philosopher,
mathematician, student
of Socrates, writer of
philosophical
dialogues, and founder
of the Academy in
Athens, the first
institution of higher
learning in the Western
World.
Plato (428 BC – 348 BC)

In Plato’s Divided Line, Mathematics falls under
the following category:
Highest form of true knowledge
Second highest form of true knowledge
A form of belief, but not true knowledge
A form of perception
ARISTOTLE (grč. Ἀριστοτέλης )


 Born 384. BC, died
322. BC
 Greek philosopher,
a student of Plato
and teacher of
Alexander the
Great
 ARISTOTLE (grč. Ἀριστοτέλης )

For him the base of mathematics is
logic, but the nature of mathematical
relations is completely specified by
postulates that dictates the physical
experience.
HIPPOCRATES (grč. Ἱπποκράτης )

 Lived from 460. BC to
377. BC
 an ancient Greek
physician and was
considered one of the
most outstanding
figures in the history of
medicine
HIPPOCRATUS PROBLEM

He proved that the lune
bounded by the arcs
labeled E and F in the
figure has the same area
as does triangle ABO
The lune of Hippocrates
is the upper left shaded
area. It has the same
area as the lower right
shaded triangle.
EUCLID (grč. Εὐκλείδης )
  Born 300. BC
 pioneer of axiomatics in
geometry
 His work Elements
fundamental work in the
field of Greek
mathematics
 influenced the
development of
mathematics in the next 20
centuries
ELEMENTS

 written about 300 B.C.
 textbook that includes
number theory
 the Euclidean algorithm
for finding the greatest
common divisor of two
numbers
 The Axiomatic Method

The Elements begins with definitions and five
postulates.
There are also axioms which Euclid calls 'common
notions'. These are not specific geometrical
properties but rather general assumptions
which allow mathematics to proceed as a
deductive science. For example:
“Things which are equal to the same thing are
equal to each other.””

 The Axiomatic Method

Euclid's fifth postulate cannot be proven from others, though
attempted by many people.
Euclid used only 1—4 for the first 28 propositions of the
Elements, but was forced to invoke the parallel postulate
on the 29th.
In 1823,Bolyai and Lobachevsky independently realized that
entirely self-consistent "non-Euclidean geometries" could
be created in which the parallel postulate did not hold.
 Our world is non Euclidean
Restate the fifth postulate: Given a line and a point not on the line, it is possible to
draw exactly one line through the given point parallel to the line.


 Spherical geometry is just
as real as Euclidean
geometry, but the
theorems and general
results are very different.
There are quite a few
results from Euclidean
geometry that are
completely false in
spherical geometry (and
vice versa).
ARCHIMEDES (grč. Ἀρχιμήδης)

 mathematician and
inventor born 287. BC in
Syracuse
 founder of quantitative
physics
 as a mathematician,
advocate of logical
processes
ARCHIMEDES (grč. Ἀρχιμήδης)

 A sphere has 2/3 the
volume and surface area of
its circumscribing cylinder
 A sphere and cylinder were
placed on the tomb of
Archimedes at his request
ARCHIMEDES (grč. Ἀρχιμήδης)

He determined approximate values of
some irrational numbers

1351/780> >265/153

28/7> π >223/71
 The Three

Construction Problems
Of Antiquity
 Hippocrates of Chos
• Father of Greek Medicine
• Mathematician who dominated the second half
of the fifth century.
• He began his life as a merchant and ended it as
a teacher.

• Had no Pythagorean teacher in that he was not
part of the Pythagorean school.
• He attained a proficiency in geometry and was
one of the first to support himself openly by
accepting fees for teaching mathematics.
 There are three famous geometric construction
problems originally proposed by the Ancient Greek.
They consist of performing the following constructions
using only a straightedge and compass.

Note:

A. With the straightedge, a line can be drawn
through two given points.
B. With the compass, a circle with the given center
and radius can be drawn.
 1. The Squaring of the Circle
• stating that "construct a square equal in area to a given
circle(or the reverse)"
• in the 19th century, mathematicians proved that it is
impossible to square the circle by compass and

•
straightedge alone

with such limitation, it turned out that the problem uses
algebra rather than geometry and also involved
concepts unknown during the time period
• the quadrature problem remained unsolved in spite of
vigorous efforts by the Greek and other, later geometers
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 2. The Duplication of the Cube
• stating that "finding the edge of a cube having a
volume twice that of a given cube"
• the problem of duplicating the cube is often
reffered to as the "Delian Problem"
•

duplication of the cube how it originated is
unclear
• possible that the Pythagorean extended the
doubling of the square(upon the diagonal of a
squre, a new square is constructed where it has
exactly twice the area of the original square).
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 3. The Trisection of an Angle
• stating that "devise a method by which any angle may
be trisected"
• easy enough to bisect an angle so the thought was

• 
trisection would fall in place
Hipprocrate did not work on this problem
• some angles can be trisected for example the case of
the right triangle
• in the 1800s, the first rigorous proof emerged that it
was impossible to trisect any angle by compass and
straightedge
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The Quadratrix
 of
Hippias
 Hippias of Elis
QUADRATRIX (also known as
• TRISECTRIX)
invented the quadratrix(sliding apparatus) for the
purpose of squaring the circle
• His solution was legitimate, but did not satisfy Platos
restriction
• 
Hippocrates discovered that there are certain plane
regions with curved boundaries(LUNES) that are
squrable
• Having shown the lune could be squared, Hippocrates
tried to square the circle by a similar arguments
• It is the first example of a curve that could not be drawn
by compass and straightedge.
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The Trisection of any Angle

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 Work Cited:

 http//www.ibilio.org/expo/vatican.exhibit/exhibit/d-
mathematics/Greek_math.html
 http://www.historyforkids.org
 https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pythagorean_theore
m
 https://www.mathopenref.com/thales.html
 https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lune_of_Hippocrates
#:~:text=Hippocrates%20wanted%20to%20solve%20t
he,same%20area%20as%20triangle%20ABO
.
 https://www.google.com/search?q=euclid&source=l
nms&tbm=isch&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwjE8aHg3rDsAh
VF7WEKHX1UD68Q_AUoAXoECCQQAw&biw=136