Machine Tools: Dept. of Mech & Mfg. Engg

MACHINE TOOLS
Dept. of Mech & Mfg. Engg. 1

Carriage assembly:
• To support the tool
• Moves over the outer
guide ways longitudinally
between headstock
and tailstock.
It is composed of 5 main parts:
1. Saddle
2. Cross slide
3. Compound Rest
4. Apron
5. Tool post
Saddle
• H shaped casting that
slides over set of guide
ways
• Serves as the base for the
cross slide.
Cross slide
• Mounted on the saddle
• Enables the movement
of the cutting tool laterally
across the lathe bed by
means of cross feed hand
wheel.
Compound Rest
•Mounted on the top of the
cross slide
•Supports the tool post.
•Swiveled to any angle in
the horizontal plane
•To facilitate following
operations:
•Taper turning
•Threading operations
•Moved manually by the
compound rest feed
handle independent of the
lathe cross feed.
Apron
•Mounted on the front of the saddle
• Consists of,
- Carriage
- Cross slide mechanisms
•Apron hand wheel moves the carriage manually by
means of the rack and pinion gears.
Tool post
•Mounted on the T – slot of the compound rest.
•Clamps the tool holder in the proper position for
machining operations.
Lead Screw:
• A screw rod which runs longitudinally in front of the
lathe bed.
• Rotation of the lead screw moves the carriage to and
fro longitudinally during thread cutting operation.
Feed rod:
• A stationary rod mounted in front of the lathe
bed
• Facilitates longitudinal movement of carriage
during turning and facing operations.

Cone pulley
• Cone pulley which drives the main spindle is
driven by the motor.
• Various spindle speeds can be obtained by
shifting the belt on different steps of the cone
pulley.
Operations that can be conducted on a lathe:
The various operations that can be conducted on a lathe

are:
1. Turning
2. Taper turning.
3. Thread cutting.
4. Boring.
5. Facing.
6. Drilling.
7. Reaming
8. Knurling.
9. Milling.
10. Grinding. Dept. of Mech & Mfg. Engg. 11
Plain turning operation a with neat sketch.
Plain Turning:
• The process of metal removal from the cylindrical jobs is
called straight or plain turning.
• Cross slide and the carriage are used to perform turning
operations.
• Plain turning operation is performed in two steps.
– Rough turning (Roughing)
– Finish turning (Finishing)
Taper turning operation in lathe
Taper turning involves producing a conical surface on a
cylindrical surface in lathe.
A taper surface can be produced either by,
1. Rotating the job normally and feeding the tool at
some angle (like in compound rest swivel method)
2. Rotating the job at an off–set angle and feeding the
tool normally (like in tail stock set – over method).

Methods of taper turning:
1. Swiveling the compound rest.
2. Tailstock set over method.
3. Taper turning attachment method.
4. By using form tool.

Principle of taper turning by swiveling
compound tool rest method.

• In this method the job is rotated on the lathe axis,
• Tool feeding is done at an angle, by the swiveled
compound rest.
• To assist in swiveling at particular angle, the base of the
compound rest is graduated in degrees.

Taper angle: Angle at which the compound rest to be
rotated is calculated as below.

Dd
tan α =
2L
α = half taper angle
D = larger diameter of the taper in mm.
d = smaller diameter of the taper in mm.
L = length of the taper in mm.
The tool feeding is done only by the compound rest handle

so that the tool moves at the set angle only.
Taper turning by Tailstock set over method

Taper turning by Tailstock set over method
• Known as Offsetting the
Tailstock
• Most common method
• Best suited for long work

pieces having less taper
• Only external tapers can
be produced
• Amount of offset is limited
by the size of the tailstock

Working:
The tailstock centre is set out of alignment, as a result :
» Axis of the work piece gets inclined at an angle
to the longitudinal movement of the tool
» Movement of the tool is parallel to the lathe bed
» Entire carriage has to be moved parallel to the
lathe bed
» Now carriage is moved to cut the taper

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MACHINE TOOLS

Dept. of Mech & Mfg. Engg. 1

•Clamps the tool holder in the proper position for

Dept. of Mech & Mfg. Engg. 9

The various operations that can be conducted on a lathe

Taper turning involves producing a conical surface on a

cylindrical surface in lathe.

A taper surface can be produced either by,

1. Rotating the job normally and feeding the tool at

some angle (like in compound rest swivel method)

2. Rotating the job at an off–set angle and feeding the

tool normally (like in tail stock set – over method).

1. Swiveling the compound rest.

2. Tailstock set over method.

3. Taper turning attachment method.

4. By using form tool.

Dept. of Mech & Mfg. Engg. 14

Dept. of Mech & Mfg. Engg. 15

• Tool feeding is done at an angle, by the swiveled

• To assist in swiveling at particular angle, the base of the

compound rest is graduated in degrees.

rotated is calculated as below.

The tool feeding is done only by the compound rest handle

Dept. of Mech & Mfg. Engg. 18

• Best suited for long work

Dept. of Mech & Mfg. Engg. 19

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