Algebraic Expressions and Operations

ALGEBRAIC
EXPRESSIONS AND
OPERATIONS
Polynomial in ‘x’
• The general form of a polynomial in x is
where each coefficientis a real number for
• If the degree of the polynomial is ‘n’, and ‘’ is called the

leading coefficient. The term is called the constant term.
Polynomial in ‘x’
• For example,
n (degree of the polynomial) = 3
 (leading coefficient) = 4
 (constant term) = -3
Note
• If two or more variables are in term, then the degree of
the term is the sum of the exponents of the variables.
e.g. the degree of is 3, the degree ofis 2 and the degree
of 3 is 0.
The degree of the polynomial containing one or more
variables is the degree of term in the polynomial with the
highest degree.
e.g. and is third and second degree polynomial,
respectively.
Algebraic operations
• Addition of Polynomials
• Subtraction of Polynomials
• Multiplication/Product of Polynomials
• Division/Quotient of Polynomials
• Simplification of Polynomials or Symbols of grouping
Addition of Polynomials
• Example 1
Compute
.
• Problem 13
Compute
• Problem 14
Compute
Subtraction of Polynomials
• Example 2
Compute
• Problem 15
Compute
• Problem 16
Compute
Multiplication/product of Polynomials
• Example 3(a)
Perform the indicated operations
• Problem 22
Quotients of Polynomials
• Example 3(b)
• Problem 23
Simplification of Polynomials
• Example 4
Simplify
• Problem 20
Simplify
Solution of Polynomials by using laws
• Example 5(a)
Find the following products.
• Example 5(b)
Find the following products.
Successive applications of the Distributive Law
• Consider
by applying distributive law application two times

successively, we get
Product of Two Polynomials
• Procedure/Method/Rules
To multiply or find product of two polynomials we need to
follow the procedure step by step.
1. Write one of the polynomials above the other.
2. Multiply each term of the top polynomial by each term of
the bottom one, and write the similar terms of the product
under one another.
3. Add the like terms to simplify the product.
Product of Two Polynomials
• Example 6(a)
Multiply
Example 6(b)
Multiply
Special Product Formula
• A.
• B.
Product of Binomials
• Example 7(a)
Multiple the following
• Example 7(b)
Multiple the following
Special Product Formula
• C.
Binomial squared
• D.
Binomial squared
• E.
difference of two squares
• F.
Binomial cubed
• G.
Binomial cubed
Product of polynomials
• Example 8(d)
Multiply the following
• Example 8(e)
Multiply the following
Operations with Algebraic Expressions
• Example 9(a)
• Example 9(c)
Division of Polynomials
• Procedure/Method/Rules
To divide one polynomial by another polynomial we follow
the following step by step method
• 1. Write both polynomials in descending powers of a
variable. Include missing terms with coefficient 0 in the
dividend.
• 2. Divide the highest power term of the divisor into the

highest power term of the dividend, and write this partial
quotient above the dividend.
• 3. Multiply the partial quotient times the divisor, write the
product under the dividend and subtract, getting a new
dividend.
• 4. Repeat until the degree of the new dividend is less than

the degree of the divisor.
• 5. Any remainder is written over the divisor and added to

the quotient.
• Example 10(a)
Divide by
• Example 10(b)
Divide
Algebraic Fractions
Simplifying the algebraic fractions.
• We simplify the algebraic fractions by factoring the
numerator and the denominator and then dividing both of
the numerator and the denominator by any common
fractions.
Algebraic Fractions
• Example 1
Simplify
Product of Fractions
• Rules to follow for finding product of fractions.
1. We can multiply the fractions by writing the product as
the product of the numerators divided by the product of
the denominators, then reducing the fractions.
• 2. Firstly, we can multiply algebraic fractions by writing the

product of the numerators divided by the product of the
denominators, and then reduce to lowest terms. We may
also reduce prior to finding the product.
Product of Fractions
• Example 2(b)
Multiply:
Quotients of Fractions
• We can divide one fraction by another by inverting the
divisor and then multiplying.
• Example 3(a)
Divide by .
• Example 3(b)
Find
Adding and subtraction in Fractions
• If two fractions are to be added, it is convenient that both
be expressed with the same denominator. If the
denominators are not same, we can write the equivalents
of each of the fractions with a common denominator.
• For writing the equivalents fractions we use the “Least

Common Denominator (LCD).
Least Common Denominator
• The least common denominator is the lowest-degree

variable expression into which all denominators will divide.
• If the denominators are polynomials, then LCD is the

lowest-degree polynomial into which all denominators will
divide.
• Procedure
To find the least common denominator (LCD) of a set of
fractions
For example, find the LCD of
• Step 1 .
Completely factor each denominator.
The factored denominators are , and
• Step 2 .
Identify the different factors that appear.
The different factors are
• Step 3 .
The LCD is the product of these different factors, with each
factor used the maximum number of times it occurs in any
one denominator.
occurs a maximum of twice in one denominator, occurs
once, and occurs once.
Thus, the LCD is
Adding and Subtracting Fractions
• Procedure
To combine fractions (add or subtract)
For example,
Combine .
• Step 1 .
Find the LCD of the fractions
• Procedure
Step 2 .
Write the equivalent of each fraction with the LCD as its
denominator.
Now the sum is,
• Procedure
Step 3 .
Add or Subtract, as indicated, by combining like terms in
the numerator over the LCD.
As,
• Procedure
• Step 4 .
Reduce the fractions if possible.
As,
• Example 5
Combine
Complex Fractions
• A fractional expression that contains one or more fractions
in its numerator or denominator is called a complex
fraction.
For example,
Complex Fractions
• We can simplify the complex fractions by using the
property
with “c” equal to the LCD of all fractions contained in the

numerator and the denominator of the complex fraction.
So,
have LCD
Complex Fractions
• Now, we simplify this complex fraction by multiplying the
numerator and the denominator as follow:
Complex Fractions
• Example 6
Simplify
so that only positive exponents remain.

Rationalizing Denominators
• We can simplify algebraic fractions whose denominators
contain sums and differences that involve square roots by
rationalizing the denominators.
• Using the fact that , we multiply the numerator and

denominator of an algebraic fraction of this type by the
conjugate of the denominator to simplify the fraction.
Rationalizing Denominators
• Rationalizing the Denominators
Example 7(b)

Algebraic Expressions and Operations

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ALGEBRAIC

where each coefficientis a real number for

• If the degree of the polynomial is ‘n’, and ‘’ is called the

by applying distributive law application two times

• 2. Divide the highest power term of the divisor into the

• 4. Repeat until the degree of the new dividend is less than

• 5. Any remainder is written over the divisor and added to

• 2. Firstly, we can multiply algebraic fractions by writing the

• For writing the equivalents fractions we use the “Least

• The least common denominator is the lowest-degree

• If the denominators are polynomials, then LCD is the

with “c” equal to the LCD of all fractions contained in the

so that only positive exponents remain.

• Using the fact that , we multiply the numerator and

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