Unit 2 Part 1

SURVEYING AND LEVELLING
CVL225
Unit 2: Linear and Angular Measurement
Part -1 (Linear Measurement)
Introduction
Introduction
Every surveyor has to measure the horizontal distance between
two points on the surface of the earth
• Direct methods
• Optical methods
• E.D.M. methods
SURVEYING AND LEVELLING CVL225 2

Chain Survey
A surveying chain, or simply a chain, is commonly used for
measurement of distances where a very high accuracy is not
required.

Chain Survey
Figure: Survey Chain

Chain Survey
• Metric chains are available in lengths of 20 m and 30 m.
The 20 m chain is divided into 100 links, each of 0.2 m.
• The 30 m chain is divided into 150 links. So, each link is of

0.2 m.

Measuring Tape
• Plastic tapes
•
• Glass-fibre tapes
• Metallic tapes
• Steel tapes
• Invar tapes

Laser Distance Meter
In surveying, accurate
distance measurement is
always the most challenging
part. Introduction of
Electronic Distance
Measurement (EDM) has
made the task of measuring
even a long distance with
high-level accuracy a simple
operation.

Principal of Chain Survey
• The principle of chain surveying is triangulation
• This means that the area to be surveyed is divided into a

number of small triangles which should be well conditioned
• Chain surveying is recommended when ground surface is

more or less level, a small area is to be surveyed, a small-
scale map is to be prepared, and the formation of well-
conditioned triangles is easy
• Crowded area, non uniform ground level are not suitable for
chain survey

Triangulation in Chain Survey

Triangulation in Chain Survey

Corrections for Chain Survey
Correction for standardisation
If the absolute length (or actual length) of the chain is not equal
to the nominal (or designated) length, the measured distance
will not be equal to the correct distance.
Correct length = measured length
Correction for slope

Slope correction is generally neglected if the slope angle is equal
to or less than 3°.

Temperature Correction
Ct = α (Tm – T0) L
Ct = correction for temperature, in metres

α = coefficient of thermal expansion
Tm = temperature during measurement in degrees centigrade
or Celsius
T0 = temperature at which the tape was standardised, in
degrees centigrade or Celsius L = length of tape, in metres
 The sign of correction may be positive or negative

Pull Correction
During measurement, the applied pull may be either more or
less than the pull at which the chain or tape was standardised.
Due to the elastic property of materials, the strain will vary
according to the variation of applied pull, and hence necessary
correction should be applied.

CP =
Cp = pull correction in metres Pm = pull applied during measurement,

in kilograms P0 = pull at which the tape was standardised, in
kilograms L = length of tape, in metre A = cross-sectional area of
tape, in square centimetres E = Young’s modulus
 The sign of correction will be positive or negative according as Pm
is greater or less than P0

Questions
1. What is the fundamental difference between surveying and
levelling? (2)
2. What is the fundamental difference between plane surveying
and geodetic surveying? (2)
3. What is the main principle of surveying? (1)
4. What do you mean by RF? (2)
5. How many ranging rods are required to range a line? (1)
6. What are the sources of error in chaining? What precautions
would you take to guard against them? (2+2)

MCQ Questions
The object of surveying is to prepare a
(a) drawing (b) cross section (c) map
The curvature of the earth is ignored in
(b) geodetic surveying (b) plane surveying (c) hydrographic
surveying
The curvature of the earth is taken into account when the extent
of area is more than (a) 50 km2 (b) 100 km2 (c) 250 km2
The diagonal scale is used to read
(c) one unit (b) two units (c) three consecutive units
A 20 m chain is divided into
(a) 150 links (b) 100 links (c) 200 links
A 30 m chain is divided into
(a) 150 links (b) 100 links (c) 200 links

Electronic Methods of Distance Measurements
There are two types of EDMs, in the market:
Electro-optical Instruments
This instrument uses light having wavelengths in the range of
0.7 to 1.2 micro-metres within or slightly beyond the visible
range of the spectrum. Due to this shorter wavelength,
application of such instruments in dense fog or haze is not
possible. The instrument comprises of (i) a light source
producing visible light by using tungsten lamp, xenon flash tube
or laser light, (ii) a photomultiplier and phase meter, and (iii) a
read-out unit. Additionally, a retro-directive prism at the
remote station is needed for measuring distances.

Microwave Instrument
This instrument transmits microwaves with frequencies ranging
from 3 to 35 GHz corresponding to wavelengths of about 1.0 to 8.6
millimetres. Due to this higher wavelength, the penetration
capacity of the light beam is sufficient to work in difficult climatic
conditions. Here, the master is set up at one end of the distance to
be measured and the remote is established at the other end. An
operator is required at each, an inter-communication is possible by
an in-built radio telephone. A modulated signal is generated by the
master, received by the remote and transmitted back to the master.
The phase difference between emitted and reflected signals are
measured at the master and displayed at the required distance in
metres.

 The most common type of electronic distance measurement
instrument available in the market, is popularly known as
Total Station
 This incorporates a theodolite with electronic circles and an

EDM
 The EDM normally works concentric with the telescope

eyepiece, and is generally housed in a casing that forms a
part of the telescope
 An EDM can be used to place objects or points in three

dimensions in relation to the unit

Errors in EDM
Personal Errors
Personal errors include with inaccurate setups of EDM instruments
and reflector over stations, faulty measurements of reflector and
instrument heights, and errors in determining atmospheric pressures and
temperatures. These errors are largely random.
Instrumental Errors
In case of EDM equipment is carefully adjusted and precisely calibrated,
instrumental errors ought to be exceedingly small.
Natural Errors
Natural mistakes in EDM surgeries stem chiefly from atmospheric
variations in pressure, temperature, and humidity, which affect the index
of modifying and refraction the wavelength of electromagnetic
energy.

Assignment
1. Prepare a short note on Electronic methods of distance
measurements (EDMI) and Error sources in EDMI (2+1)

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SURVEYING AND LEVELLING

SURVEYING AND LEVELLING CVL225 2

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Figure: Survey Chain

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• The 30 m chain is divided into 150 links. So, each link is of

SURVEYING AND LEVELLING CVL225 5

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• This means that the area to be surveyed is divided into a

• Chain surveying is recommended when ground surface is

SURVEYING AND LEVELLING CVL225 8

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Correct length = measured length

Correction for slope

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Ct = correction for temperature, in metres

 The sign of correction may be positive or negative

SURVEYING AND LEVELLING CVL225 12

Cp = pull correction in metres Pm = pull applied during measurement,

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 This incorporates a theodolite with electronic circles and an

 The EDM normally works concentric with the telescope

 An EDM can be used to place objects or points in three

SURVEYING AND LEVELLING CVL225 18

SURVEYING AND LEVELLING CVL225 19

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