Mathematics in Our World

Mathematics
in our World
PANGASINAN STATE UNIVERSITY

Urdaneta City Campus
Learning Objectives:
At the end of this lecture, you will:

 Identify patterns in nature and regularities in the world
 Articulate the importance of mathematics in one’s life
 Argue about nature of mathematics, what it is, how it is expressed,
represented, and used
 Express appreciation for mathematics as a human endeavor.

Question!!
What is Mathematics?

What is Mathematics?
Mathematics is defined as the study of numbers and

arithmetic operations.
Mathematics as a set of tools or a collection of skills that
can be applied to questions of “how many” or “how
much”.

What is Mathematics?
Still, others view it as a science which involves logical

reasoning, drawing conclusions from assumed premises,
and strategic reasoning based on accepted rules, laws, or
probabilities.
Mathematics is also considered as an art which deals with
form, size, and quantity.
Mathematics as the Study of Pattern
 Pattern is an arrangement which helps observers anticipate what

they might see or what happens next . Or just simply are regular,
repeated, or recurring forms or designs.
 Recognizing patterns is natural to us as a rational creature because
our brain is hardwired to recognize them.
 Studying patterns help you in identifying relationships and
finding logical connections to form generalizations to make
predictions.
Example of Patterns
 Logic Patterns. Logic patterns are usually the first to be observed.

Classifying things , for example comes before numeration.
 One kind of logic pattern deals with the characteristics of various
objects while another deals with order.
 These patterns are seen on aptitude tests in which takers are
shown a sequence of pictures and asked to select which figure
comes next among several choices.
What comes next?

Number Patterns
 Another class of patterns is the patterns of numbers. The two

most common are the arithmetic and geometric patterns.
 While arithmetic sequence is formed by adding or subtracting a
constant number to consecutive terms.
 Geometric sequence needs to be multiplied or divide with same
value each time we want to get the next term in the sequence .

Example: Give the next three terms in the pattern. Identify
which is arithmetic and geometric sequence.
1. 1 , 3, 5, 7, 9, ___, ____, ____

2. 10, 30, 90, ____,_____,____


Geometric Pattern
 Geometric pattern is a motif or design that depicts abstract

shapes like lines, polygons, and circles, and typically repeats like a
wallpaper.
 Visual patterns are observed in nature and in art. In art, patterns
present objects in a consistent, regular manner.

Which of the figures below can be used to
continue the series?

Patterns in Nature
 Patterns in nature are the regular arrangement of objects in any

form found everywhere-plants, animals, humans, earth
formations, and many others.
 These include symmetries, spirals, waves, arrays, cracks, stripes,
etc. Some of these patterns which recur in different context can be
modelled mathematically. So, let us start looking for more
patterns in nature.
Symmetric Patterns
 A figure has symmetry if there is a non-trivial transformation that

maps the figure onto itself or you can draw an imaginary line across
the object and the resulting parts are mirror images of each other.
 For example, a square has a vertical line
symmetry. That is , the reflection about this line
maps the square onto itself.

Symmetric Patterns
Notice that left and right portion of the square are exactly the
same.
The type of symmetry, known
as line, or bilateral symmetry,
which is evident in most animals,
including humans .
Rotational Symmetry
 If a figure or object can be rotated less than about a point so that

the image and the pre-image are indistinguishable , then the
figure has rotational symmetry.

 The smallest angle that a figure can be rotated while still
preserving the original formation is called angle of rotation. Angle
of rotation can be computed using the following formula:

Example Rotational Symmetry
 Spiderwort Star Fish Snowflake

3-fold symmetry 5-fold symmetry 6-fold symmetry

What is the angle of rotation of each figure?

Another interesting pattern in nature is the
honeycomb.
Why do honeybees
love hexagons?

Mathematics can be used to model population
growth.
Rapid population growth has

been a temporary phenomenon
in many countries. As of 2017, it is
estimated that the world population
is about 7.6 billion.
Exponential Growth Formula
where A = the size of the population after it grows.

P = initial number of people
r = is the rate of growth
t = time
Euler’s constant with an approximate value of 2.718

Example!
The exponential growth model of describes the population

of a city in the Philippines in thousands, years after 1995.

What will be the population in 2017?

Solution!
Replace with

Therefore, the city population would be about 46,581 in 2017

Fibonacci Sequence and Golden Ratio
 The Fibonacci numbers are the numbers is

the following integer sequence :
 Fibonacci
 was the name given to an Italian
Mathematician Leonardo Pisano which means
Leonardo of Pisa , because he was born in Pisa ,
Italy around 1175 .
Fibonacci
Fibonacci is the shortened word for the Latin term “filius

Bonacci”, which stands for “son of Bonaccio. “His father
name was Guglielmo Bonaccio .
 He first observed the pattern while investigating how
fast rabbits could breed under ideal circumstances.

Fibonacci Sequence on Rabbits

Fibonacci Sequence
By definition, the first two numbers in the Fibonacci

sequence are 1 and 1, and each subsequent number is the
sum of the previous two.

 The position of each number in the sequence is
indicated by a subscript , so that and so forth , with
denoting the th Fibonacci number
Fibonacci Sequence
 The Fibonacci sequence exhibits the following property .

 =+
=+



The general rule is given by

Binet form of the Fibonacci number
 To find the Fibonacci number without using recursion formula, ,

the following is evaluated using a calculator .

 This form is known as the Binet form of the Fibonacci number

Example!
Determine the 10th, 25th and 30th term in a

Fibonacci sequence.

Solution!
Using recursive formula

34 +21

=55
For finding and we will now use Binet’s formula since it would take a while
using the recursive formula.

Solution!


Fibonacci Sequence
Fibonacci numbers appears everywhere – from the leaf

and flower arrangement in plants, to the animal skin , to
the scales of pineapples, and many others.
The Fibonacci numbers can be found in the growth of
living things and in human beings. Let us look at the few
examples.
Fibonacci Sequence
 Take a look at sunflower.

 Depending on the species, you can
count 34 and 55, or 55 and 89, or
89 and 144. It seems that this
arrangement keeps the seeds
uniformly packed no matter how large the seed head is.
Fibonacci Sequence
We can also find

Fibonacci numbers
in the branches and
leave of Sneezwort.

Fibonacci Sequence
Do you see how the squares

fit nearly together?
Observe 1 and 1 makes 2,
1and 2 makes 3, 2 and 3 makes 5,
and so on. When you make squares
with those widths, you get a nice spiral
Fibonacci Sequence
Notice how the squares

fit neatly in the snail shell
which implies that Fibonacci
numbers are very much
present in any spirals.
The Golden Ratio
The value approached by dividing two consecutive

Fibonacci numbers, that is is called the Golden ratio.

 It is symbolized by the Greek letter Phi “ and is
approximately equal to 1.6180339887.

The Golden Ratio
Below is the
geometric explanation
of the Golden Ratio.


The Golden Ratio
It is interesting to note that

the ratio of two adjacent
Fibonacci numbers approaches
the golden ratio.

The Golden Ratio
As seen in the preceding discussion, Fibonacci numbers

appears in many places. The golden ratio does too. It shows up
in art, architecture, music and nature.
For example , the ancient Greeks thought that rectangles
whose side form a golden ratio were pleasing to look.

The Golden Ratio
Many buildings and

artworks follow golden ratio
such as Parthenon in Greece

The Golden Ratio
Leonardo da Vinci has incorporated

geometry in many of his paintings,
with the golden ratio just being one of
his mathematical tools. Experts agree
that he probably thought that the
golden ratio made his paintings more
attractive.

The Golden Ratio
 The Golden Ratio is seen all over the human body. This can be verified by
measuring some parts of human body : the length of the arm, height, the
distance of finger tips to the elbow. According to Markowsky(1992), “the
ratio of the person’s height to the height of his or navel is roughly the
golden ratio. You may verify it yourself if you are close to the golden ratio.
 Another name of the golden ratio is divine proportion. This must be so
because human beauty is based on divine proportion.
Fibs
A is a poem where the number of syllables per line follow

the Fibonacci sequence. Invented by Greg Pincus, it

caught on so well that the New York Times actually wrote
an article about it, which naturally spawned many more .

Fibs Example
 Oh
 think
 great.
 of these  One more
 be kind of  metrical
 syllable-counting
 fun-let’s give them a
 challenge. Haiku and tanka rules
 try. Do we have any  are all I want. Picture me counting
takers? on my fingers.
Maryann Corbett

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Mathematics

PANGASINAN STATE UNIVERSITY

At the end of this lecture, you will:

PANGASINAN STATE UNIVERSITY

PANGASINAN STATE UNIVERSITY

Mathematics is defined as the study of numbers and

PANGASINAN STATE UNIVERSITY

Still, others view it as a science which involves logical

 Pattern is an arrangement which helps observers anticipate what

 Logic Patterns. Logic patterns are usually the first to be observed.

PANGASINAN STATE UNIVERSITY

 Another class of patterns is the patterns of numbers. The two

PANGASINAN STATE UNIVERSITY

1. 1 , 3, 5, 7, 9, ___, ____, ____

PANGASINAN STATE UNIVERSITY

 Geometric pattern is a motif or design that depicts abstract

PANGASINAN STATE UNIVERSITY

PANGASINAN STATE UNIVERSITY

 Patterns in nature are the regular arrangement of objects in any

 A figure has symmetry if there is a non-trivial transformation that

PANGASINAN STATE UNIVERSITY

 If a figure or object can be rotated less than about a point so that

PANGASINAN STATE UNIVERSITY

 Spiderwort Star Fish Snowflake

PANGASINAN STATE UNIVERSITY

PANGASINAN STATE UNIVERSITY

PANGASINAN STATE UNIVERSITY

Rapid population growth has

where A = the size of the population after it grows.

PANGASINAN STATE UNIVERSITY

The exponential growth model of describes the population

What will be the population in 2017?

PANGASINAN STATE UNIVERSITY

Therefore, the city population would be about 46,581 in 2017

PANGASINAN STATE UNIVERSITY

 The Fibonacci numbers are the numbers is

Fibonacci is the shortened word for the Latin term “filius

PANGASINAN STATE UNIVERSITY

PANGASINAN STATE UNIVERSITY

By definition, the first two numbers in the Fibonacci

 The Fibonacci sequence exhibits the following property .

PANGASINAN STATE UNIVERSITY

 To find the Fibonacci number without using recursion formula, ,

 This form is known as the Binet form of the Fibonacci number

PANGASINAN STATE UNIVERSITY

Determine the 10th, 25th and 30th term in a

PANGASINAN STATE UNIVERSITY

Using recursive formula

PANGASINAN STATE UNIVERSITY

PANGASINAN STATE UNIVERSITY

Fibonacci numbers appears everywhere – from the leaf

 Take a look at sunflower.

We can also find

PANGASINAN STATE UNIVERSITY

Do you see how the squares

Notice how the squares

The value approached by dividing two consecutive

PANGASINAN STATE UNIVERSITY

PANGASINAN STATE UNIVERSITY

1. 1 , 3, 5, 7, 9, _, , __