Final PPT Aldehydes and Ketones

Pharmaceutical chemistry
(311-T)
Synthesis and
reactions of
aldehydes and
ketones
Group 5
• HINATARIQ • SANA SULTAN
• • MUTIBA KAMAL
S.SHIREEN BATOOL
• MALEEHA INAYAT
• BARIA KHAN
PRESENTED BY:HINA TARIQ
DATE OF SUBMISSION:
ALDEHYDE AND KETONE
• Aldehydes and ketones are organic compounds which incorporate

a carbonyl functional group, C=O. The carbon atom of this
group has two remaining bonds that may be occupied by hydrogen,
alkyl or aryl substituents. If at least one of these substituents is
hydrogen, the compound is an aldehyde. If neither is hydrogen,
the compound is a ketone.
ALDEHYDE
In aldehyde at least one hydrogen atom is attached to the

carbonyl carbon atom. The remaining group may be another
hydrogen atom or any aliphatic or aromatic organic
compound
The CH=O group characteristic of aldehydes is often called a
formyl group. The two most important example of aldehyde
is formaldehyde and benzaldehyde
KETONE:
Ketone contain a carbonyl group (a carbon-oxygen double
bond)the simplest ketone is acetone with the formula
CH3C(O)CH3.
Many ketone are of great importance in industry and biology
examples include sugars(ketoses), many
steroids(testosterone), and the solvent acetone
NAME COMPONENTS
PREFIX ROOT ENDING
Denotes longest carbon

chain containing double -one
bond -al Indicates ketone
Indicates functional group
aldehyde
Denotes number, location functional group
& identity of attached
groups
The position of the C=O double bond in a ketone must be

indicated in the prefix. The double bond is given
preference
in numbering
NOMENCLATURE OF
ALDEHYDE
The IUPAC system of nomenclature assigns a
characteristic suffix -al to aldehydes. For
example, H2C=O is methanal, more commonly
called formaldehyde. Since an aldehyde carbonyl
group must always lie at the end of a carbon
chain, it is always is given the 1 location position
in numbering and it is not necessary to include it
in the name. There are several simple carbonyl
containing compounds which have common
names which are retained by IUPAC.
ROLES FOR NAMING
ALDEHYDE
 According to the IUPAC system of nomenclatures –al is attached as a
suffix to parent alkane for the naming of aldehydes
 The aldehyde group is always attached at the end of the main carbon
chain, and hence the 1st position in the numbering is always assigned
to it. It is not always necessary to include numbering in the naming
 The common name of aldehydes start with the common parent chain
name and the suffix –aldehyde. Substituent positions are shown with
greek letters. The greek letters are α, β etc
 When the –CHO functional group is attached to a ring the suffix
carbaldehyde is added, and the carbon attached to the group is C1
 For example, H2C=O is named as per the IUPAC system as methanol
commonly known as ‘’formaldehyde’’
IUPAC NAMING OF
ALDEHYDE
Aldehydes: in open chains:

Alkane +al  “alkanal”
O OH O O
CH3CHBrCH2C H CH3CHCH2CH2C H CH2C H
3-bromobutanal 4-hydroxypentanal 2-phenylethanal
 The parent chain must contain the CHO- group, and this group is
numbered as carbon 1 (because it is always at a chain end).
Aldehydes: attached to rings:

ring+carbaldehyde  “ringcarbaldehyde”
O O
HO CHO
C H C H
benzenecarbaldehyde cyclohexanecarbaldehyde 3-hydroxycyclopentanecarbaldehyde

Common names of aldehyde
 In the common system, aldehydes are named from the common
names of the corresponding carboxylic acid.
 The ‘ic acid’ ending is replaced with ‘aldehyde’.
Structure IUPAC name Common name Structure IUPAC Common name
HCO2H methanoic acid HCHO methanal
CH3CO2H ethanoic acid CH3CHO ethanal
CH3CH2CO2H propanoic acid CH3CH2CHO propanal
CH3(CH2)2CO2H butanoic acid CH3(CH2)2CHO butanal
CH3(CH2)3CO2H pentanoic acid CH3(CH2)3CHO pentanal
CH3(CH2)4CO2H hexanoic acid CH3(CH2)4CHO hexanal
 Substituents locations are given using Greek letters (, , , ,

, .) beginning with the carbon next to the carbonyl carbon,
the a-carbon.
O OH O O
CH3CHBrCH2C H CH3CHCH2CH2C H CH2C H
-bromobutyraldehyde -hydroxyvaleraldehyde
-phenylacetaldehyde
Ketone nomenclature
there
 Theis onlysystem
IUPAC one ofpossible siteassigns
nomenclature for aaketone
characteristic
carbonyl function. The
suffix of -one to ketones. Acommon names
ketone carbonyl function may
be located anywhere
for ketones are within aby
formed chain or ring, both
naming and its alkyl
position
is usually given by a location number.
groups
 Chainattached to the starts
numbering normally carbonyl
from thethen addingthe
end nearest
the carbonyl
suffix -ketone. The
group. Very simple attached
ketones, suchalkyl groups
as propanone
and phenylethanone do not require a locator number,
aresince
arranged in the name alphabetically.
there is only one possible site for a ketone carbonyl
function.
 The common names for ketones are formed by naming
both alkyl groups attached to the carbonyl then adding the
suffix -ketone. The attached alkyl groups are arranged in
the name alphabetically.
Ketone nomenclature
• IUPAC:
– Select as the parent chain the longest continuous chain that
involves the carbonyl carbon
– Name the parent chain by removing the “e” from the
corresponding alkane name and adding “one”
– Number the chain to give the carbonyl group the lowest
numbering. The number goes before the parent chain name
– Determine the number and location of substituents and
number them accordingly
– For cyclic ketones, the carbonyl carbon is C-1 and the name
begins with “cyclo”
2-Methylcyclopentanone
O O O Br
H 3C O
C H 3 C H 2 CH 2 C CH 2 C H 3 CH 3 CH CH 2 C CH 3 CH 3 C CH
3-Hexanone CH 2 CH 3 CH 3
4-Methyl-2-hexanone
3-Bromo-2-butanone
Continue.
• The common system of naming ketones is

similar to what we saw for ethers:
O O O Br
CH 3 CH 2 CH 2 C CH 2 CH 3 CH 3 CH CH 2 C CH 3 CH 3 C CH
Ethyl propyl ketone CH 3 CH 3
Isobutyl methyl ketone 1-Bromoethyl methyl ketone

Examples of ketone
structures
The IUPAC system names are given on top while the common name is given
on the bottom in parentheses.
Ketone common name to
memorize
There are some common names that are still used and need to be memorized. Recognizing the
patterns can be helpful.
reference
 Vollhardt,
College K. Peter
Division, C., and Neil E. Schore. Organic
2002.
Chemistry. 5th ed. New York: W.H. Freeman, 2007.
 Zumdahl, Steven S., and Susan A.

Zumdahl. Chemistry. 6th ed. Boston: Houghton Mifflin
College Division, 2002.

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Pharmaceutical chemistry

• Aldehydes and ketones are organic compounds which incorporate

In aldehyde at least one hydrogen atom is attached to the

PREFIX ROOT ENDING

Denotes longest carbon

The position of the C=O double bond in a ketone must be

Aldehydes: in open chains:

3-bromobutanal 4-hydroxypentanal 2-phenylethanal

Aldehydes: attached to rings:

benzenecarbaldehyde cyclohexanecarbaldehyde 3-hydroxycyclopentanecarbaldehyde

 Substituents locations are given using Greek letters (, , , ,

• The common system of naming ketones is

Ethyl propyl ketone CH 3 CH 3

Isobutyl methyl ketone 1-Bromoethyl methyl ketone

 Zumdahl, Steven S., and Susan A.

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