Functional groups containing ...

In organic chemistry functional groups are submolecular structural motifs, characterized by specific elemental composition and connectivity, that confer reactivity upon the molecule that contains them. Common functional groups include:

Chemical class

Group

Formula

Graphical Formula

Prefix

Suffix

Example

Acyl halide

Haloformyl

RCOX

haloformyl-

-oyl halide Acetyl chloride (Ethanoyl chloride)

Alcohol

Hydroxyl

OH

hydroxy-

-ol Methanol

Aldehyde

Aldehyde

RCHO

oxo-

-al :Acetaldehyde (Ethanal)

Alkane

Alkyl

RHn

alkyl-

-ane Methane

Alkene

Alkenyl

R2C=CR2

alkenyl-

-ene Ethylene (Ethene)

Alkyne

Alkynyl

RC CR'

alkynyl-

-yne

Acetylene (Ethyne)

Amide

Carboxamid e

RCONR2

carboxamido -

-amide Acetamide (Ethanamide)

Primary amine

RNH2

amino-

-amine Methylamine (Methanamine)

Secondary amine

R2NH

amino-

-amine Dimethylamine

Amines

Tertiary amine

R3N

amino-

-amine Trimethylamine

4 ammonium ion

R4N+

ammonio-

-ammonium Choline

Azo compound

Azo (Diimide)

RN2R'

azo-

-diazene Methyl orange

Toluene derivative

Benzyl

RCH2C6H5 RBn

benzyl-

1(substituent)toluene

Benzyl bromide (1-Bromotoluene)

Carbonate

Carbonate ester

ROCOOR

alkyl carbonate

Carboxylate Carboxylate

RCOO

carboxy-

-oate Sodium acetate (Sodium ethanoate)

Carboxylic acid

Carboxyl

RCOOH

carboxy-

-oic acid Acetic acid (Ethanoic acid)

Cyanate Cyanates Thiocyanate

ROCN

cyanato-

alkyl cyanate

RSCN

thiocyanato-

alkyl thiocyanate

Ether

Ether

ROR'

alkoxy-

alkyl alkyl ether

Diethyl ether (Ethoxyethane)

Ester

Ester

RCOOR'

-oate

Ethyl butyrate (Ethyl butanoate)

Haloalkane

Halo

RX

halo-

alkyl halide

Chloroethane (Ethyl chloride)

Hydroperoxi de Hydroperox (see organic y peroxide)

ROOH

hydroperoxy alkyl hydroperoxide -

Methyl ethyl ketone peroxide

Primary ketimine

RC(=NH)R'

imino-

-imine

Secondary ketimine Imine Primary aldimine

RC(=NR)R'

imino-

-imine

RC(=NH)H

imino-

-imine

Secondary aldimine

RC(=NR')H

imino-

-imine

Isocyanide

Isocyanide Isocyanate

RNC RNCO

isocyanoisocyanato-

alkyl isocyanide alkyl isocyanate

Isocyanates Isothiocyana te RNCS isothiocyanat alkyl isothiocyanate oAllyl isothiocyanate

Ketone

Ketone

RCOR'

keto-, oxo-

-one Methyl ethyl ketone (Butanone)

Nitrile

Nitrile

RCN

cyano-

alkanenitrile alkyl cyanide Benzonitrile (Phenyl cyanide)

Nitro compound

Nitro

RNO2

nitroNitromethane

Nitroso compound

Nitroso

RNO

nitrosoNitrosobenzene

Peroxide

Peroxy

ROOR

peroxy-

alkyl peroxide Di-tert-butyl peroxide

Benzene derivative

Phenyl

RC6H5

phenyl-

-benzene

Cumene (2-phenylpropane) Phosphine Phosphino R3P phosphinophosphoric acid di(substituen t) ester -phosphane Methylpropylphosphane Phosphodiest er di(substituent) hydrogenphosphate

Phosphate

HOPO(OR)2

DNA

Phosphonic acid

Phosphono

RP(=O)(OH)
2

phosphono-

substituent phosphon ic acid Benzylphosphonic acid

Phosphate

Phosphate

ROP(=O)(O H)2

phosphoGlyceraldehyde 3phosphate 4-pyridyl (pyridin-4yl)

3-pyridyl Pyridine derivative Pyridyl RC5H4N (pyridin-3yl) -pyridine Nicotine

2-pyridyl (pyridin-2yl) Sulfide RSR' di(substituent) sulfide

Dimethyl sulfide

Sulfone

Sulfonyl

RSO2R'

sulfonyl-

di(substituent) sulfone Dimethyl sulfone (Methylsulfonylmethane)

Sulfonic acid

Sulfo

RSO3H

sulfo-

substituent sulfonic acid Benzenesulfonic acid

Sulfoxide

Sulfinyl

RSOR'

sulfinyl-

di(substituent) sulfox ide Diphenyl sulfoxide

Thiol

Sulfhydryl

RSH

mercapto-, sulfanyl-

-thiol

Ethanethiol (Ethyl mercaptan)

Note: The table above is adapted from the Functional Groups table on Wikipedia.

Combining the names of functional groups with the names of the parent alkanes generates a powerful systematic nomenclature for naming w:organic compounds. The non-hydrogen atoms of functional groups are always associated with each by covalent bonds, as well as with the rest of the molecule. When the group of atoms is associated with the rest of the molecule primarily by ionic forces, the group is referred to more properly as a polyatomic ion or complex ion. And all of these are calledradicals, by a meaning of the term radical that predates the free radical. The first carbon after the carbon that attaches to the functional group is called the alpha carbon. [edit]Mnemonics

for Functional Groups

These are possible mnemonics for the common functional groups. Vowels: The vowels "A", "E", and "Y" for Alkane, Alkene, and Alkyne. Remember there is no "I." "O" and "U" would result in awkward pronunciations. Alcohol: Look for the "C-O-H" in "Alcohol." Ether: Ethers were anesthetics used in the 1800s. Dr. Kellogg also lived at the same time. Corn Flakes are made by Kellogg's. A rooster or cock (C-O-C) is the cornflake mascot. Amine: Remember the "N" stands for nitrogen.

Aldehyde: This sounds like "Adelaide," the Australian city. Australia is at the end of the Asian islands, and aldehydes are at the end of the hydrocarbon chain. The "Y" indicates a C=O double bond.

Ketone: Imagine the diagonal strokes of "K" forming the C=O double bond. Carboxylic Acid: "Box" stands for boxed wine or C-O-H, alcohol. The "Y" indicates a C=O double bond. Ester: This sounds like "Estelle" George Costanza's mother in the TV show Seinfeld. George's nickname was Koko or Coco. So think of O=C-O-C. Amide: Amine with a "D". D for double. The Krebs Cycle is also known as the Citric Acid Cycle or Tricarboxylic Acid (TCA) cycle and occurs within the Matrix of the Mitocondria. Acetyl-Coenzyme A produced from the Link Reaction is synthesised into Citric Acid by the action of citrate synthase and its combination with Oxaloacetate. The citric acid, known as Citrate in its ionised form is then converted into Isocitrate by aconitase. This is then converted to Alpha-Ketoglutarate by citrate dehydrogenase in an oxidative decarboxylation reaction, in which one molecule of CO2 is given off and one molecule of NAD+ is oxidised to NADH. Another oxidative deecarboxylation converts the alphaketoglutarate to Succinyl Coenzyme A with the addition of CoA-SH and again the loss of a CO2 and the oxidation of NAD+ is seen. Succinyl CoA is then converted intoSuccinate by the action of Succinyl CoA Synthetase, the addition of water, the loss of CoA-SH and the substrate level phosphorylation of one molecule of ADP to ATP. Succinate is then converted to Fumarate by Succinate Dehydrogenase, a dehydrogenation reaction which results in the reduction of FADH+ to FADH2. Fumarate is, in turn, hydrated by the addition of one water molecule by Fumarase to Malate which is finally converted back to Oxaloacetate by Malate Dehydrogenase in a dehydrogenation reaction that oxidises one NAD+ to NADH. The cycle can then begin again. There are many products of, and substrates for the Krebs cycle: for instance, amino acids can be metabolised to or catabolised from Acetyl CoA, Alpha-Ketoglutarate, Succinyl CoA, Malate and Oxaloacetate, depending which specific amino acid. Pyruvate can be re-synthesised by Pyruvate carboxylase from Oxaloacetate, which can either replenish the Krebs Cycle or make glucose by Gluconeogenesis. Citrate can be used for fatty acid (fat) or cholesterol synthesis. Succinyl CoA can be used to make Haem for Red Blood Cells. NADH and FADH2 are then used in the electron transport chain in the inner mitochondrial membrane. Net gain for the Krebs Cycle: 2 Carbon Dioxide, 1 ATP, 3 NADH, and 1 FADH2 per molecule of Acetyl CoA