Turbomachinery

Chapter 14: Turbomachinery
Eric G. Paterson
Department of Mechanical and Nuclear Engineering
The Pennsylvania State University
Spring 2005
Note to Instructors
These slides were developed1, during the spring semester 2005, as a teaching aid for the
undergraduate Fluid Mechanics course (ME33: Fluid Flow) in the Department of Mechanical
and Nuclear Engineering at Penn State University. This course had two sections, one taught
by myself and one taught by Prof. John Cimbala. While we gave common homework and
exams, we independently developed lecture notes. This was also the first semester that Fluid
Mechanics: Fundamentals and Applications was used at PSU. My section had 93
students and was held in a classroom with a computer, projector, and blackboard. While
slides have been developed for each chapter of Fluid Mechanics: Fundamentals and
Applications, I used a combination of blackboard and electronic presentation. In the student
evaluations of my course, there were both positive and negative comments on the use of
electronic presentation. Therefore, these slides should only be integrated into your lectures
with careful consideration of your teaching style and course objectives.
Eric Paterson
Penn State, University Park
August 2005
1
These slides were originally prepared using the LaTeX typesetting system (http://www.tug.org/)
and the beamer class (http://latex-beamer.sourceforge.net/), but were translated to PowerPoint for
wider dissemination by McGraw-Hill.
ME33 : Fluid Flow 2 Chapter 14: Turbomachinery

Objectives
Identify various types of pumps and
turbines, and understand how they work
Apply dimensional analysis to design
new pumps or turbines that are
geometrically similar to existing pumps or
turbines
Perform basic vector analysis of the flow
into and out of pumps and turbines
Use specific speed for preliminary design
and selection of pumps and turbines
Categories
Pump: adds energy to
a fluid, resulting in an
increase in pressure
across the pump.
Turbine: extracts
energy from the fluid,
resulting in a
decrease in pressure
across the turbine.

Categories
For gases, pumps are further broken down into
Fans: Low pressure gradient, High volume flow rate.
Examples include ceiling fans and propellers.
Blower: Medium pressure gradient, Medium volume
flow rate. Examples include centrifugal and squirrel-
cage blowers found in furnaces, leaf blowers, and
hair dryers.
Compressor: High pressure gradient, Low volume
flow rate. Examples include air compressors for air
tools, refrigerant compressors for refrigerators and air
conditioners.

Categories
Positive-displacement machines
Closed volume is used to squeeze or suck fluid.
Pump: human heart
Turbine: home water meter
Dynamic machines
No closed volume. Instead, rotating blades supply or
extract energy.
Enclosed/Ducted Pumps: torpedo propulsor
Open Pumps: propeller or helicopter rotor
Enclosed Turbines: hydroturbine
Open Turbines: wind turbine

Pump Head
Net Head
Water horsepower
Brake horsepower
Pump efficiency

Matching a Pump to a Piping System
Pump-performance
curves for a centrifugal
pump
BEP: best efficiency
point
H*, bhp*, V* correspond
to BEP
Shutoff head: achieved
by closing outlet (V=0)$
Free delivery: no load on
system (Hrequired = 0)

Matching a Pump to a Piping System
Steady operating
point:
Energy equation:

Manufacturer Performance Plot

Pump Cavitation and NPSH
Cavitation should be avoided due
to erosion damage and noise.
Cavitation occurs when P < Pv
Net positive suction head
NPSHrequired curves are created

through systematic testing over a
range of flow rates V.

Dynamic Pumps
Dynamic Pumps include
centrifugal pumps: fluid enters
axially, and is discharged
radially.
mixed--flow pumps: fluid enters
axially, and leaves at an angle
between radially and axially.
axial pumps: fluid enters and
leaves axially.

Centrifugal Pumps
Snail--shaped scroll
Most common type of
pump: homes, autos,
industry.

Centrifugal Pumps

Centrifugal Pumps: Blade Design

Side view of impeller blade. Vector analysis of leading

and trailing edges.
Blade number affects efficiency and introduces circulatory

losses (too few blades) and passage losses (too many blades)
Axial Pumps
Open vs. Ducted Axial Pumps

Open Axial Pumps
Blades generate thrust like wing Propeller has radial twist to take into
generates lift. account for angular velocity (=r)

Ducted Axial Pumps
Tube Axial Fan: Swirl

downstream
Counter-Rotating Axial-Flow
Fan: swirl removed. Early
torpedo designs
Vane Axial-Flow Fan: swirl

removed. Stators can be
either pre-swirl or post-swirl.

Ducted Axial Pumps: Blade Design
Absolute frame of reference Relative frame of reference

Dimensional Analysis
 analysis gives 3 new nondimensional parameters
Head coefficient
Capacity coefficient
Power coefficient
Reynolds number also appears,but in terms of
angular rotation
Reynolds number
Functional relation is
Head coefficient
Power coefficient

If two pumps are
geometrically similar, and
The independent ’s are
similar, i.e.,
CQ,A = CQ,B
ReA = ReB
A/DA = B/DB
Then the dependent ’s
will be the same
CH,A = CH,B
CP,A = CP,B

When plotted in
nondimensional form, all
curves of a family of
geometrically similar
pumps collapse onto one
set of nondimensional
pump performance
curves
Note: Reynolds number
and roughness can often
be neglected,

Pump Specific Speed
Pump Specific Speed is used to characterize the operation of a

pump at BEP and is useful for preliminary pump selection.

Affinity Laws
For two homologous states A and B, we can use
 variables to develop ratios (similarity rules,
affinity laws, scaling laws).
Useful to scale from model to prototype

Useful to understand parameter changes, e.g.,
doubling pump speed (Ex. 14-10).

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Chapter 14: Turbomachinery

ME33 : Fluid Flow 2 Chapter 14: Turbomachinery

ME33 : Fluid Flow 4 Chapter 14: Turbomachinery

ME33 : Fluid Flow 5 Chapter 14: Turbomachinery

ME33 : Fluid Flow 6 Chapter 14: Turbomachinery

ME33 : Fluid Flow 7 Chapter 14: Turbomachinery

ME33 : Fluid Flow 8 Chapter 14: Turbomachinery

ME33 : Fluid Flow 9 Chapter 14: Turbomachinery

ME33 : Fluid Flow 10 Chapter 14: Turbomachinery

NPSHrequired curves are created

ME33 : Fluid Flow 11 Chapter 14: Turbomachinery

ME33 : Fluid Flow 12 Chapter 14: Turbomachinery

ME33 : Fluid Flow 13 Chapter 14: Turbomachinery

ME33 : Fluid Flow 14 Chapter 14: Turbomachinery

ME33 : Fluid Flow 15 Chapter 14: Turbomachinery

Side view of impeller blade. Vector analysis of leading

Blade number affects efficiency and introduces circulatory

Open vs. Ducted Axial Pumps

ME33 : Fluid Flow 19 Chapter 14: Turbomachinery

Tube Axial Fan: Swirl

Vane Axial-Flow Fan: swirl

ME33 : Fluid Flow 20 Chapter 14: Turbomachinery

Absolute frame of reference Relative frame of reference

ME33 : Fluid Flow 21 Chapter 14: Turbomachinery

ME33 : Fluid Flow 22 Chapter 14: Turbomachinery

ME33 : Fluid Flow 23 Chapter 14: Turbomachinery

ME33 : Fluid Flow 24 Chapter 14: Turbomachinery

Pump Specific Speed is used to characterize the operation of a

ME33 : Fluid Flow 25 Chapter 14: Turbomachinery

Useful to scale from model to prototype

ME33 : Fluid Flow 26 Chapter 14: Turbomachinery

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