3. Energy Exchange with Moving Blades.

• Introduction
• Euler equation
• Degree of reaction
• Types of thermal
turbomachines
• Axial & Radial turbines
• Axial & Radial compressors

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Thermodynamics of Turbomachinery
 3. Energy Exchange with Moving Blades. Euler equation

dm c2  dm c1   Fext dt m  c2  c1    Fext
- Torque = Total momentum applied by walls on the fluid : c = fluid absolute velocity

m  c2 cos  2 r2  c1 cos 1r1    M ext   M

(c = cr+cu+ca)
u = turbomachine
m  cu 2 r2  cu1r1    M ext   M
tangential velocity
w = fluid relative velocity
c1 (Langran. appr.)
1
r1 A
dm
A'

stream tube
axis

t: AB
t+dt: A'B'

r2 B dm
B'
2
c2
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Thermodynamics of Turbomachinery
3. Energy Exchange with Moving Blades. Euler equation

Fluid relative velocity: 

w  c u

Cosine theorem: w2  c2  u 2  2cu cos  

𝑐𝑢
c u w
2 2 2
w2  c 2  u 2  2cu u cu u 
2

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Thermodynamics of Turbomachinery
3. Energy Exchange with Moving Blades. Euler equation

Power: m  cu 2 r2  cu1r1    M ext   M ∴𝑢 =𝑤∙𝑟

𝑁 =M∙ 𝜔 = 𝑚 ∙ 𝑢1 𝑐1 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝛼1 − 𝑢2 𝑐2 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝛼2

N  M    m  cu1u1  cu 2u2  Euler 1st equation

N
Specific Work: W  cu1u1  cu 2u2
m

Power absorbing (turbines,windmills, etc): M, N, W > 0

Power producing (compressors, fans, etc): M, N, W < 0

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Thermodynamics of Turbomachinery
3. Energy Exchange with Moving Blades. Euler equation

c 2  u 2  w2
From cosine theorem: w  c  u  2cu u
2 2 2
cu u 
2

From Euler 1st. Eq.: N  M    m  cu1u1  cu 2u2 

Then the specific work (expanding terms):

N  c12 u12 w12   c22 u22 w22 

W  cu1u1  cu 2u2        
m  2 2 2   2 2 2 
c12  c22 u12  u22 w12  w22
W   Euler 2nd equation
2 2 2

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Thermodynamics of Turbomachinery
3. Energy Exchange with Moving Blades. Degree of Reaction

Using both expressions for the specific work:

H10 H20 Euler 2nd. equation

 c12   c22   c12 u12 w12   c22 u22 w22 

W   h1     h2            
 2  2 2 2 2  2 2 2 

 w12   u22  u12   w22 

 h1        h2   h1R  FC  h2 R
 2  2   2

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Thermodynamics of Turbomachinery
 3. Energy Exchange with Moving Blades. Degree of Reaction

Turbine
Nozzle Rotor
Degree of reaction (R): (stator) Impeller
h1  h2
h00  h20
0 1 2

Stage
hrotor
R
W

h2  h1
h30  h10
1 2 3

Compressor
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Thermodynamics of Turbomachinery
3. Energy Exchange with Moving Blades. In summary

Euler 1st equation N  M    m  cu1u1  cu 2u2 

c12  c22 u12  u22 w12  w22

Euler 2nd equation W  
2 2 2
 c12   c22 
1st. Law W   h1     h2  
 2  2

 w12   u22  u12   w22 

 h1        h2  
Rotalpy
 2  2   2

hrotor
Degree of reaction R
W
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Thermodynamics of Turbomachinery
3. Energy Exchange with Moving Blades. Types of turbomachines

h = const.
Impulse p = const.
Axial
Reaction
Turbines
Radial Reaction Centripetal
Thermal
Turbomachines
Axial

Compressors Reaction

Radial Centrifugal

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Thermodynamics of Turbomachinery
3. Energy Exchange with Moving Blades. Axial turbines

h1R  FC  h2 R 𝑢1 = 𝑢2 ℎ1𝑅 = ℎ2𝑅

Cross cut at: r1 = r2

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Thermodynamics of Turbomachinery
3. Energy Exchange with Moving Blades. Axial turbines

Axial turbines: Impulse & Reaction

Stator: ℎ00 = ℎ10 Differences with
Impulse & Reaction,
𝑐02 𝑐12 the magnitudes of:
ℎ0 + = ℎ1 +
2 2 1) kinetic energies
2) enthalpies
Rotor:
Eulerian approach: 𝑊𝑢 = 𝑢 𝑐1𝑢 − 𝑐2𝑢 0 1 2

𝑐12 − 𝑐22 𝑤22 − 𝑤12

𝑊𝑢 = +
2 2
𝑐12 − 𝑐22
𝑊𝑢 = ℎ10 − ℎ20 = ℎ1 − ℎ2 +
2
Langrangian approach: h1R  FC  h2 R 𝑢1 = 𝑢2 ℎ1𝑅 = ℎ2𝑅
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Thermodynamics of Turbomachinery
3. Energy Exchange with Moving Blades. Axial turbines

Impulse axial turbines: thermodynamic evolution

h=const. in rotor p=const. in rotor
h 00 10
h 00 10

c1 u
0
1
0

w1 c2 W W
b1 u 1R 2R 1R 2R

20 20
b2 w2
1s 1 2 R= 0 2s
1 2 R< 0
b1 b2 2s c 1> > c 2 c 1> > c 2
w1= w2 w1> w2 s
Estátor
Nozzle Rótor
Rotor
s
Nozzle Rotor Nozzle Rotor
(stator) (Impeller)

ℎ1𝑅 = ℎ2𝑅
𝑐12 𝑐22
𝑤12 𝑤22 𝑊𝑢 = ℎ10 − ℎ20 = ℎ1 + − ℎ2 +
ℎ1 + = ℎ2 + 2 2
2 2
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Thermodynamics of Turbomachinery
3. Energy Exchange with Moving Blades. Axial turbines

Reaction axial turbines: thermodynamic evolution ℎ1𝑅 = ℎ2𝑅

h
00 10
c1 u
1
0
1R 2R
b1 W
1
1s
w1 c2 20
u
2s 2
b2 R> 0 (0.5)
w2 c 1> c 2
Rotor w2> w1
Estátor
Nozzle Rótor
Rotor
s
Nozzle
(stator) (Impeller)

𝑐12 𝑐22
𝑊𝑢 = ℎ10 − ℎ20 = ℎ1 + − ℎ2 +
2 2
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Thermodynamics of Turbomachinery
3. Energy Exchange with Moving Blades. Radial turbine

h1R  FC  h2 R 𝑢1 > 𝑢2 ℎ1𝑅 ≠ ℎ2𝑅

Stator: ℎ00 = ℎ10 𝑟1 > 𝑟2

∴𝑢 =𝑤∙𝑟
𝑐02 𝑐12
ℎ0 + = ℎ1 +
2 2

Rotor:
Eulerian approach: 𝑊𝑢 = 𝑢1 𝑐1𝑢 − 𝑢2 𝑐2𝑢
𝑐12 − 𝑐22 𝑢12 − 𝑢22 𝑤22 − 𝑤12
𝑊𝑢 = + +
2 2 2
𝑐12 − 𝑐22
𝑊𝑢 = ℎ10 − ℎ20 = ℎ1 − ℎ2 +
2
𝑢12 − 𝑢22
Langrangian approach: h1R  FC  h2 R ℎ1𝑅 = ℎ2𝑅 +
2
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Thermodynamics of Turbomachinery
3. Energy Exchange with Moving Blades. Radial Turbine

Thermodynamic evolution

𝑢12 − 𝑢22
ℎ1𝑅 = ℎ2𝑅 +
2

Rotor
𝑐12 𝑐22
𝑊𝑢 = ℎ10 − ℎ20 = ℎ1 + − ℎ2 +
Nozzle 2 2

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Thermodynamics of Turbomachinery
3. Energy Exchange with Moving Blades. Axial compressor (Reaction)

Rotor:
Eulerian approach:
𝑊𝑢 = 𝑢 𝑐2𝑢 − 𝑐1𝑢
𝑐22 − 𝑐12 𝑤12 − 𝑤22
𝑊𝑢 = +
2 2
𝑐22 − 𝑐12
𝑊𝑢 = ℎ20 − ℎ10 = ℎ2 − ℎ1 +
2
Langrangian approach: h1R  FC  h2 R 𝑢1 = 𝑢2 ℎ1𝑅 = ℎ2𝑅

Stator:
𝑤12 𝑤22
ℎ1 + = ℎ2 +
𝑐22 𝑐32 2 2
ℎ20 = ℎ30 ℎ2 + = ℎ3 +
2 2
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Thermodynamics of Turbomachinery
3. Energy Exchange with Moving Blades. Axial compressor (Reaction)

Thermodynamic evolution ℎ1𝑅 = ℎ2𝑅

h 20 30

3
c1 c2
1 1 1R2R
u W
u 2

b1
w1 b2 w2 10
h 2 -h 1
1 R= h -h = 0.5
30 10
Rótor
Rotor Estátor
Diffuser c1< c 2 c3< c 2
(Impeller)
(stator) w2< w1 s
𝑐22 𝑐12
𝑊𝑢 = ℎ20 − ℎ10 = ℎ2 + − ℎ1 +
2 2
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Thermodynamics of Turbomachinery
3. Energy Exchange with Moving Blades. Radial compressor (Reaction)

Rotor: 𝑢2 > 𝑢1
Eulerian approach: 𝑢 =𝑤∙𝑟
𝑟2 > 𝑟1
𝑊𝑢 = 𝑢2 𝑐2𝑢 − 𝑢1 𝑐1𝑢
𝑐22 − 𝑐12 𝑢22 − 𝑢12 𝑤12 − 𝑤22
𝑊𝑢 = + +
2 2 2
𝑐22 − 𝑐12
𝑊𝑢 = ℎ20 − ℎ10 = ℎ2 − ℎ1 +
2
Langrangian approach:
𝑤12 − 𝑤22 𝑢22 − 𝑢12 𝑢22 − 𝑢12
ℎ2 − ℎ1 = + ℎ2𝑅 = ℎ1𝑅 +
2 2 2
Stator:
𝑐22 𝑐32
ℎ20 = ℎ30 ℎ2 + = ℎ3 +
2 2
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Thermodynamics of Turbomachinery
3. Energy Exchange with Moving Blades. Radial compressor (Reaction)

Thermodynamic evolution 𝑢22 − 𝑢12

ℎ2𝑅 = ℎ1𝑅 +
2
ℎ20 = ℎ30

Rotor or

𝑐22 𝑐12
𝑊𝑢 = ℎ20 − ℎ10 = ℎ2 + − ℎ1 +
2 2

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Thermodynamics of Turbomachinery