Lec - 8 PP - Combined Cycle PP

Combined Cycle Power Plants
Lecture 8
Advantages of Gas Turbine Power Plant
• Less installation cost
• Less installation time
• Quick starting and stopping
• Fast response to load changes
a gas turbine plant is often used as a peaking unit for certain hours of the day
when the energy demand is high
Limitations of Gas Turbine Power Plant
• Large compressor work input,
• Large exhaust loss,
• Machine inefficiencies,
• Low cycle efficiency, due to the large exhaust loss, large compressor work and
machine inefficiencies.
• Costly fuel, since the cost of kerosene and other fuels used is much higher than
that of coal.
• Its availability is also not always guaranteed.

The cost of power generated by a stationary gas turbine plant for a utility system
is high.
A large steam plant designed to meet peak loads would operate at an uneconomical
load factor during most of the year.
Combined Gas-Steam Power Plant
• Innovative modifications to conventional thermal power plants to achieve higher

efficiency.
• A popular modification involves a gas power cycle topping a vapor power cycle,
which is called the combined gas–vapor cycle, or just the combined cycle.
• It makes engineering sense to take advantage of the very desirable characteristics of

the gas-turbine cycle at high temperatures and to use the high-temperature exhaust
gases as energy source for bottoming cycle such as a steam power cycle.
• The interesting combined cycle is the gas-turbine (Brayton) cycle topping a steam-
turbine (Rankine) cycle.
• The result is a combined gas–steam cycle.

Combined Gas-Steam Power Cycle
• A gas turbine may be used in conjunction with a steam turbine plant in a utility
base load station, to offer the utilities the gas turbine advantages of quick starting
and stopping and permit flexible operation of the combined plant over a wide
range of loads.
• Recent developments in gas-turbine technology have made combined gas–steam

cycle economically very attractive.
• The combined cycle increases the efficiency without increasing the initial cost
greatly. Consequently, many new power plants operate on combined cycles, and
many more existing steam- or gas-turbine plants are being converted to combined-
cycle power plants.
• Low heat transfer temperature in

first part of boiler.
• Raise temperature of the fluid
leaving the pump (feedwater)
• Extracting steam from the turbine
at various points
• Transfer heat to the feedwater
from the expanding steam
• Thermal efficiencies over 50%
are reported.
Open
Thermal Analysis of Combined Cycle PP
For two-cycles coupled in series

EXAMPLE: A Combined Gas-Steam Power Cycle
Consider the combined gas-steam power cycle shown in Fig. The topping cycle is a gas-turbine
cycle that has a pressure ratio of 8. Air enters the compressor at 300 K and the turbine at 1300 K.
The isentropic efficiency of the compressor is 80 %, and that of the gas turbine is 85 %. The
bottoming cycle is a simple ideal Rankine cycle operating between the pressure limits of 7 MPa
and 5 kPa. Steam is heated in a heat exchanger by the exhaust gases to a temperature of 500°C.
The exhaust gases leave the heat exchanger at 450 K.
Determine
(a) ratio of the mass flow rates of the steam and
the combustion gases
(b) thermal efficiency of the combined cycle.
Solution:
Analysis The T-s diagrams of both cycles
are given. The gas turbine cycle and the
steam turbine cycle is analyzed first and
then results of combined cycle are
evaluated.
Process 1–2 (isentropic compression of an ideal gas):
Process 3–4 (isentropic expansion of an ideal gas):

In the case of ideal (isentropic) compression and

expansion:
The thermal efficiency of the cycle is the ratio of

the net power output to the total heat input:
The actual compressor work and turbine work
In actual process, air leaves the compressor at a

higher temperature and enthalpy
The air temperature at the turbine exit is determined

from an energy balance on the turbine:
(a) The ratio of mass flow rates is determined from an energy balance on the
heat exchanger:
(B) Thermal efficiency

Advantages of Combined Cycle (Gas-Steam Turbine)
Power Plant
• High overall plant efficiency
• Low investment cost
• Phased installation
• Great operating flexibility
• Simplicity of operation
• Less amount of water is required
• Low environmental impact
• Cogeneration of heat and electricity

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Combined Cycle Power Plants

• Less installation cost

• Less installation time

• Quick starting and stopping

• Fast response to load changes

• Large compressor work input,

• Large exhaust loss,

• Its availability is also not always guaranteed.

• Innovative modifications to conventional thermal power plants to achieve higher

• It makes engineering sense to take advantage of the very desirable characteristics of

• The result is a combined gas–steam cycle.

• Recent developments in gas-turbine technology have made combined gas–steam

• Low heat transfer temperature in

For two-cycles coupled in series

Process 1–2 (isentropic compression of an ideal gas):

Process 3–4 (isentropic expansion of an ideal gas):

In the case of ideal (isentropic) compression and

The thermal efficiency of the cycle is the ratio of

The actual compressor work and turbine work

In actual process, air leaves the compressor at a

The air temperature at the turbine exit is determined

(B) Thermal efficiency

• High overall plant efficiency

• Low investment cost

• Great operating flexibility

• Less amount of water is required

• Low environmental impact

• Cogeneration of heat and electricity

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