i

REPUBLIC OF CAMEROON REPUBLIQUE DU CAMEROUN

******** ********
Peace-Work-Fatherland Paix – Travail – Patrie
******** ********
MINISTRY OF HIGHER EDUCATION MINISTERE DE L’ENSEIGNEMENT SUPERIEURE
******** ********
UNIVERSITY OF BUEA UNVIERSITE DE BUEA

Internship Report on the Theme

FTTH OPTIC FIBER NETWORK MONITORING

Internship performed at CAMTEL West Region

Written and Presented by

Batchanou Tatap Perets Arnaud
M.Eng, Telecommunications and Networks
([email protected])

Start Date: 05th of August 2024

End Date: 05th of October 2024

Field Supervisor: Academic Supervisor:

Mr. MBOKI Pierre Dr. NKEMENI Valery

October 2024
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ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

I am grateful to the Director General of CAMTEL, Mme. Judith Yah Sunday Epouse Achidi,

for granting me this internship.

A special thanks to my supervisors Mr. MBOKI Pierre and Dr. Nkemeni Valery for their

follow-up, corrections and reviews that help me refine my report and grow in experience

throughout my internship.

I also want to thank the entire CAMTEL West Region family, notably Mme. Daissala Wagra,

Mr. Nguena Alexis, Mrs. MADEFO Emilienne, Mr. ObamaPierre, Mr. Polycarp, Mr. Joel, Mr.

Momo Felix, Mr. Baar David, Mr. Thierry, Mr. Nfor Godlove, Mr. Tene Eric, Mr. Herman,

Mr. Jaures, and many others.

I am equally grateful to my peers, fellow interns, with whom I shared, learned and worked:

Moussa Souaibou, Marcnus and Joel.

I also thank my family, the TATAP family, for their support.

Finally, and most importantly, I thank GOD for the grace to start well and finish well.
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EXECUTIVE SUMMARY

As Fiber-to-the-Home (FTTH) optical networks become the backbone of high-speed

internet access, effective monitoring tools are essential to ensure optimal performance
and quality of service (QoS). This study explores the use of Wireshark, an open-source
network protocol analyzer, for monitoring FTTH optical fiber networks. By leveraging
Wireshark’s packet capture capabilities, network administrators can perform real-time
traffic analysis, identify bottlenecks, and diagnose faults within the fiber infrastructure.

The analysis covers key metrics such as latency, bandwidth utilization, and error detection
at various layers of the network stack, offering deep insights into traffic flow and protocol
behavior. This paper also demonstrates the role of Wireshark in monitoring crucial FTTH
elements, including Optical Network Terminals (ONTs), Optical Line Terminals (OLTs),
and GPON interfaces. Furthermore, it outlines best practices for using Wireshark to
troubleshoot performance issues, ensuring network stability and enhancing user
experience. The results affirm Wireshark’s utility as a low-cost, flexible solution for
FTTH network monitoring, providing both novice and expert users with actionable data
to maintain network health.

Keywords: FTTH, Optical Fiber, Wireshark, Network Monitoring, Packet Analysis,

GPON, Latency, Bandwidth Utilization, Fault Diagnosis, QoS
 iv

TABLE OF CONTENTS

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS .......................................................................................................ii

EXECUTIVE SUMMARY ...................................................................................................... iii

LIST OF FIGURES ...................................................................................................................vi

LIST OF TABLES ...................................................................................................................vii

LIST OF PICTURES………………………………………………………………………...viii

LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS……………………………………………….............................x

CHAPTER ONE: BACKGROUND OF CAMTEL

1.1 The Vision of CAMTEL ...................................................................................................... 1

1.2 The Mission of CAMTEL .................................................................................................... 2

1.3 Core Values .......................................................................................................................... 3

1.4 Quality Assurance ................................................................................................................ 4

1.5 Structure and Organization of CAMTEL ............................................................................. 5

1.6 Field of Specialization ........................................................................................................ 14

1.7 International Experience .................................................................................................... 15

1.8 Reference Projects and Services Furnished by CAMTEL ................................................. 16

CHAPTER TWO: OVERALL INTERNSHIP EXPERIENCE

2.1 Joining the Company ......................................................................................................... 20

2.2 Section of the Company I have been Working .................................................................. 21

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2.3 Theme: FTTH Optical Fiber Network Monitoring……………………………………....47

2.4 Challenges Faced................................................................................................................ 62

CHAPTER THREE: OVERALL BENEFITS OF INTERNSHIP

3.1 Inroduction ....................................................................................................................... 63

3.2 Improving Practical Skill…………………………………………………………………63

3.3 Upgrading the Theoretical Knowledge .............................................................................. 63

3.4 Upgrading Interpersonal Communication Skill ................................................................. 63

3.5 Improving Leadership Skill ................................................................................................ 63

3.6 Work Ethics and Related Issues ......................................................................................... 63

3.7 Entrepreneurship Skill ........................................................................................................ 64

3.8 Partial Conclusion…………………………………………………………………………64

CHAPTER FOUR: GENERAL CONCLUSION

5.1 Summary of Findings ........................................................................................................ 65

5.2 Contribution to Engineering and Technology .................................................................... 65

5.3 Recommendations .............................................................................................................. 65

5.4 Future Scope....................................................................................................................... 67

References ................................................................................................................................ 68

Appendices ............................................................................................................................... 69
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LIST OF FIGURES

Figure 1. 1 Localization Plan of CAMTEL Yaoundé[2]…………………………………….6

Figure 1.2 Localization Plan of CAMTEL RRO West Region……………………………..8
Figure 1.3 General Organization of CAMTEL [2]………………………………………..11
Figure 1.4 Central Administration Departments [2]………………………………………12
Figure 1.5 The 3 Business Units Networks………………………………………………..12
Figure 1.6 RROF organizational chart…………………………………………………….13
Figure 1.7 CAMTEL Blue Logo…………………………………………………………..17

Figure 2. 1: Functioning of an OLT [6]…………………………………………...................25

Figure 2.2 Wavelength Division Multiplexing……………………………………………....29
Figure 2.3 Area of Action of the CMRF……………………………………………………..37
Figure 2.4 The 7 layers of the OSI Model………………………………………………..…...48
Figure 2.5 OSI Physical Layer……………………………………………………………….48
Figure 2.6 OSI Data Link Layer………………………………………………………….…..49
Figure 2.7 OSI Network Layer………………………………………………………….……50
Figure 2.8 OSI Transport Layer……………………………………………………………....51
Figure 2.9 OSI Session Layer………………………………………………………………..51
Figure 2.10 OSI Presentation Layer………………………………………………………….52
Figure 2.11 OSI Application Layer……………………………………………………….….53
Figure 2.12 Two-level Internet Addressing Structure……………………………………..….54
Figure 2.13 Calssful IP Addressing……………………………………………………….….55
Figure 2.14 Subnetting Hierarchy……………………………………………………………56
Figure 2.15 Logo of Wireshark………………………………………………………………57
Figure 2.16 Information about Wireshark……………………………………………….…...58
Figure 2.17 Color Codes in Wireshark…………………………………………………….…62

Figure 3. 1: Skills Improvement ............................................................................................... 64

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LIST OF TABLES

Table 1.1: CAMTEL Company Description……………………………………………...15

Table 2.1 Internship Rotation Plan……………………………………………………...…21

Table 2. 2 Evolution of Mobile Communications from 1G to 5G…………………...……..43
Table 2.3 IPv4 Classful Addressing………………………………………………….……55
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LIST OF PICTURES

Picture 1.1 CAMTEL Head Office at Yaoundé……………………………..…………..5

Picture 1.2 General Manager of CAMTEL, Mme. Judith Yah Sunday Epouse Achidi.11

Picture 1.3 Blue Max Vehicle……………………………………………………….….17

Picture 1.4 ADSL cable and landline phone technology…………………………….…17

Picture 1.5 Optic fiber cable…………………………………………………….……...18

Picture 2.1 Internship Letter………………………………………………....................20

Picture 2.1 Internship Rotation Letter………………………………………………….21
Picture 2.3 Front view of the SRAF……………………………………………………22
Picture 2.4 Some equipment found at SRAF: i) MSAN, ii) ODF, iii) Core Network
Equipment, iv) Interface of an OLT………………………………………………….....23
Picture 2.5 Coordinate System of the Fixed Access Network……………………….…24
Picture 2.6 Structure of the CESIR-IP……………………………………………….…26
Picture 2.7 Multiplexing rack equipment………………………....................................27
Picture 2.8 Multiplexing rack equipment no2…………………………………….........28
Picture 2.9 Converters………………………………………………………………….28
Picture 2.10 Interventions at CESIR-IP to clients, on the 15/08/2024……………..…...30
Picture 2.11 Structure of the CERAF………………………………………………..….31
Picture 2.12 A Fiber Access Terminal……………………………………………….....32
Picture 2.13 A Terminal Box……………………………………………………….......33
Picture 2.14 An Access Terminal Box…………………………………………………33
Picture 2.15 A Fusion Box……………………………………………………………..34
Picture 2.16 An Optical Time Domain Reflectometer…………………………………34
Picture 2.17 Interventions at CERAF, on the 17/09/2024………………………….…..35
Picture 2.18 Structure of the CMRF……………………………………………….…...36
Picture 2.19 CMRF vehicle…………………………………………………………….36
Picture 2.20 An ODF…………………………………………………………….……..38
Picture 2.21 An FDT…………………………………………………………………...39
Picture 2.22 Interventions at the CMRF, on the 26/08/2024…………………………..39
Picture 2.23 Structure of the CRA……………………………………………………..40
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Picture 2.24 An RRU……………………………………………………………….......41

Picture 2.25 SFP Modules…………………………………………………….………..41
Picture 2.26 CPRI type optic fiber cable…………………………………………..……42
Picture 2.27 The ANT910……………………………………………………………...42
Picture 2.28 An open indoor BTS……………………………………………………...43
Picture 2.29 Structure of the CTT……………………………………………………...44
Picture 2.30 Structure of the SEE……………………………………………………....45
Picture 2.31 A manual generator at SEE……………………………………….………46
Picture 2.32 An automatic generator at SEE………………………………….………..46
Picture 2.33 Capturing from Ethernet 2…………………………………......................61
Picture 2.34 Erroneous Packet Flow…………………………………………………...61
 x

LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS

1G First Generation

2G Second Generation

3G Third Generation

4G Fourth Generation

5G Fifth Generation

ADSL Asynchronous Digital Subscriber Loop

ATB Access Terminal Box

CAMTEL Cameroon Telecommunications

CDMA Code Division Multiple Access

CEMAC Central African Economic and Monetary Community

CERAF Centre de Reseaux d’Access Filière

CESIR Centre d’Exploitation des Systèmes d’Information et de Réseaux

IP
CMRF Centre de Maintenance des Reseaux Fixes

CPU Central Processing Unit

CRA Centre de Reseaux d’Access

DPU Display Processing Unit

DSLAM Digital Subscriber Line Access Multiplexer

DWDM Dense Wavelength Division Multiplexing

FAT Fiber Access Terminal

FDT Fiber Distribution Terminal

FiOS Fiber Optic Service

FTP File Transfer Protocol

FTTH Fiber to the Home

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GPON Gigabit-capable Passive Optical Network

GSM Global System for Mobile

GWR Gateway Router

IoT Internet of Things

IP Internet Protocol

IPLC International Private Leased Circuit

ISDN Integrated Services Digital Network

ISO International Standardization Organization

LTE Long Term Evolution

MCN Master Customer Number

MINFI Ministry of Finances

MINPOSTEL Ministry of Post and Telecommunications

MSAG Multi-Service Access Gateway

MSAN Multi-Service Access Node

NBN
National Broadband Network
NCSCS Nigeria – Cameroon Submarine Cable System

OC Operation Center

ODF Optical Distribution Frame

OLT Optical Line Terminal

OSI Open System Interconnect

PoP Point of Presence

POTS Plain Old Telephone Service

QoS Quality of Service

RCCM
Le Registre du Commerce et du Crédit Mobilier
 xii

RRO Representation Regionale de l’Ouest

SAIL South Atlantic Inter Link

SAT3 South Atlantic Telecommunications cable no.3

SEE Secteur d’Energie et d’Environement

SIM Subscriber Identification Module

SMS Short Message Sent

SRAF Secteur des Réseaux d’Access Filiaire

TB Terminal Box

TCP Transmission Control Protocol

UDP User Datagram Protocol

UMTS Universal Mobile Telecommunication System

VaaS Voice as a Service

VGW Voice Gateway

VoIP Voice over Internet Protocol

VPN Virtual Private Network

VSAT Very Small Aperture Terminal

WACS West Africa Cable System

WAN Wide Area Network

WDM Wavelength Division Multiplexing

Wi-Fi Wireless Fidelity

 1

Chapter One: BACKGROUND OF CAMTEL

1.1 The Vision of CAMTEL

The vision of CAMTEL is to be the undefeated regional leader of carrier services solutions and

the telecom operator of choice in the CEMAC region. Our aim is to become a reference for

connecting all landlocked countries in Africa. [1]

In line with the Managerial Strategy of 2019-2025, Camtel has come up with strategies to better

target her huge market in a bid to boost performance and customer satisfaction as a whole. The

Cameroon Telecommunications, CAMTEL, through her very dynamic General Manager

Judith Yah Sunday Epouse Achidi launched a customer’s-friendly orientation strategy in 2020

as one of its main goals in making CAMTEL the leading telephone company in Cameroon and

the Central African region. Her quote; “my vision is to make CAMTEL the leading

telephone company in Cameroon and the Central African region. To arrive at this, we

have mapped out 5-year two strategic guidelines to speed up our performance through

change management and customer centricity.” [2]

There are many perspectives that CAMTEL offers to achieve its objectives namely:

 To ameliorate the quality of services offered to CAMTEL clients while stabilizing energy

and reducing incidences on their network

 To ameliorate the experience of their customers through the digitalization of clients’

process, professionalization of clients’ management and the offering of innovative services

 Strategies based on four main aspects; finances, customers, process and human resources.
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1.2 The Mission of CAMTEL

Cameroon Telecommunications, CAMTEL recently obtained three conventions which

permitted her to renew her mission statement in accordance with Decree No. 2019/263

of 28th May, 2019 of the President of the Republic. Today, CAMTEL is one of the

precursors of Telecommunications in Cameroon. Its multiple actions are proof of this

through the missions below:

 To provide any public electronic communications service at national and

international level

 To set up national and international electronic communications infrastructures

and equipment

 To install, operate and maintain electronic communications networks for the

routing of national and international traffic

 To manage and operate electronic communications networks and services for

commercial purposes

 Acquire and operate all concessions, rights and benefits relating to the operation

of electronic communications networks and services

 Participate in negotiations and in the conclusion of agreements with any

organization with a view to promoting the development of electronic communications

 Take holdings in national or foreign electronic communications companies [2]

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1.3 Core Values

Placing the customer at the heart of our operations is what we do in line

with our strategic orientation of “Customer Centricity”. Our in-built values founded on the 3Cs
(Committed, Capable and Competitive).

 Committed: we pledge our commitment to excellence in

operational execution.
 Capable: an engaged, dedicated and dynamic team continuously improves our
capability.
 Competitive: affordable best in- class service offerings personalized to your needs. [3]

At CAMTEL, we advocate the following values:

Responsibility: Obligation or moral necessity to respond, to vouch for one’s actions or those
of others.
Courtesy: Refers to the politeness, affability, respect and civility shown by the employees of
an organization.
Integrity: Quality of someone, of their behavior, of an institution which is of great
probity, which is honest and which cannot be corrupted.
Commitment: Degree of involvement of an employee in helping his company achieve its
objectives.
Professionalism: Set of qualities that demonstrate the seriousness and professional
competence of an individual.
Team spirit: Ability to participate in achieving a shared objective, to collaborate with others,
to prioritize the success of the group rather than individual success.
Quality: Ability to meet requirements.
Expected behaviors: − Be accessible and welcoming
Innovation: Action of generating new ideas, improving processes or renewing products and
services.
Patriotism: Sentimental attachment to one’s homeland manifested by the desire to defend it,
to promote it.
No discrimination: Refusal to apply different treatments depending on the ethnic, political,
religious affiliations, etc. [1]
 4

1.4 Quality Assurance

 Global IoT: Camtel Carrier brings a resilient and reliable cost-efficient connectivity of

internet of things (IoT) to you. We provide for IoT devices across Africa. Our seamless point-

to-point connectivity links you to other IoT devices across Africa to the continents for eased

telecom operations.

 Smart IP-VPN: Connect all your multi-site businesses and share resources

and functions smoothly with our Carrier grade internet protocol virtual private network. With

our WAN-technology IP-VPN, you benefit from a faster and more secured communication,

while avoiding the hassle of a public network and its restricted access.

 International Circuit (IPLS): Camtel Carrier offers you an international private leased

circuit for video conferencing needs, data exchanges between your different sites or better still

internet access. Our point-to-point and end-to-end

IPLC service offer provides your business with world class-security, supporting a variety of

services at differentiated speeds customized to suit your operational needs.

 Roaming (Instant/ OC/ Data): Growing your business with Camtel Carrier roaming

service is stress-free. We connect you to the world via 2G, 3G or 4G via secured network routes

with a 24/7 professional support service. As a telecom operator, Camtel Carrier guarantees

your business an international coverage quality and security with a host of value-added service

on-demand.

 Voice over Internet Protocol (VoIP): We are the best solution for any type of voice

termination needs regionally or internationally. Our Carrier-grade, world-class IP enabled

Voice offers great quality transit with customized tools to suit your telecom needs. Experience

quick interconnections, stable termination service and

international voice transit at zero capacity or setup cost on our A-Z routing network.

 Managed voice solution: Camtel Carrier managed voice solution is an all-in-one

 5

package combining Voice over Internet Protocol (VoIP).

 International Voice or SMS: Client satisfaction and extensive connectivity are some of

the benefits embedded in our Carrier grade international voice and SMS solution.

 IPX and IoT: At Camtel Carrier, our Voice traffic interconnection solution (IPX) is

built on a cost-reduction future proof network architecture that provides optimal user

experience and security.

 Voice as a service: Manage your inbound and outbound voice calls with Camtel

Carrier Voice as a Service (VaaS) quality oriented solution.

 Itinerant signage: Our itinerant signage capability at Camtel Carrier is suitable for

wireless carriers, telco or network operators to grow revenue and simultaneously. [1]

1.5 Structure and Organization of CAMTEL

1.5.1 Location of CAMTEL Head Office

Picture 1.1: CAMTEL Head Office at Yaoundé

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Cameroon Telecommunications Head Office and seat of the General Manager is located at the
20th May Boulevard in Yaoundé the nation’s capital, located on latitude 3º N and longitude 11º
E. The site is composed of two edifices:
 The 12-storey tower which inhabits the General Management Offices (Central
Administration: The General Manager and Deputies, Certain Departments and
Attached services: Technical Advisers and Inspectors)
 The second edifice is a 3storey building house, a Technical Department and
Commercial Agency. This site is bounded to the East by the Autonomous
Amortization Fund Head Office, to the South by Moulin de France and Casino Super
Market, to the West by the Central Post Office Round About and North by an existing
Road

Figure 1.1: Localization Plan of CAMTEL Yaoundé [2]

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1.5.2 Location of CAMTEL West Regional Headquarters

The CAMTEL RRO premises are located in the Western region, in the town of
Bafoussam. We distinguish:
 The Western Regional Representation: This is the CAMTEL district in the region
of the West. It is located behind the RDPC party house at the Biao roundabout. It
brings together: The administrative offices: in particular, those of the Regional
Representative of the BUF and the BUM, SRH, salespeople; The CESIR-IP premises;
The SRAF premises; The general store; and a category C pylon
 The microwave site, which brings together the technical establishments of the
RRO on the FH site. Located opposite the INSAM campus B institute. Its
establishments are:
 The premises of CERAF and CMRF
 The CRA premises
 The SEE premises
 A category B pylon (110 m high)
 The premises of the CANAL 2 INTERNATIONAL + television channel and a
category C pylon (5)

The Commercial Agency is responsible for welcoming and guiding Bafoussam

customers through relationships with CAMTEL products and services. It is located 100
m below the TOTAL Tamdja station [3]
 8

Figure 1.2: Localization Plan of CAMTEL RRO West Region

1.5.3 History of CAMTEL

In 1996, internet began to be regularly mentioned in the speeches of Cameroonian

officials. The project to bring the network of networks in Cameroon mentions a great

battle between three large state structures, namely the Polytechnic of Yaoundé, National
 9

Informatics Centre (CENADI) and INTELCAM (International Telecommunications

Company), for the management point cm (Cameroon). INTELCAM is chosen, which

becomes CAMTEL (Cameroon Telecommunications) three years later. [2]

Cameroon Telecommunications (CAMTEL) is created by Presidential Decree No.

98/1998 of September 8, 1998.It is the result of the merger of two structures, namely, the

former Directorate of Telecommunications of the Ministry of Posts and

Telecommunications, and the former International Telecommunications Company of

Cameroon (INTELCAM). CAMTEL then supports cellular telephony and national

landline telephony respectively at the same time as international telecommunications. [1]

CAMTEL has had three General Directors:

 Mr. Emmanuel Nguiamba Nloutsiri (1998-2005)

 Mr. David Nkoto Emane (2005-2018)

 Ms. Judith Yah Sunday Epse Achidi (since December 14, 2018)

1.5.4 Organizational Management of CAMTEL

The Law of No. 2010/013 of 21st December, 2010 and its subsequent modifications,
governing electronic communications provides in its article 97 that “(1) Public
Telecommunications and Information and Communication Technology companies,
existing at the date of promulgation of this law benefit as of right from the concession
for the exercise of activities related to their corporate purpose. (2) Any development of
these companies must be approved by the President of the Republic”.
In accordance with this article, CAMTEL benefits as of right from a concession for fixed
and electronic communications transport services which were already part of its
corporate purpose, on the date of entry into force of this law.

The change in CAMTEL’s corporate purpose, approved following the signing by the
Head of State of Decree No. 2019/263 of 28th May, 2019 reorganizing the CAMTEL
Company, automatically gives the company the right to possibility of providing mobile
 10

telephone services. The new organization which follows the granting on 12 th March,
2020 of three (03) Concession titles to CAMTEL, gives this structure an organization in
the form of an OPEN ORGANIZATIONAL CONTINUUM, through the establishment
of three Production Units (Business Units), depending on the titles received from the
Cameroonian Government, with a view to a mature functional separation (affiliation) in
the medium term (horizon three (03) years). In other words, this separation is carried out
through the types of networks operated (transport, fixed, mobile) [2]

CAMTEL is placed under the supervision of two ministries; Ministry of Posts and

Telecommunications (MINPOSTEL) which is charge of the technical supervision and

the Ministry of Finance (MINFI) in charge of financing the operations of the corporation.

CAMTEL is statutorily administered a General Manager assisted by a Deputy General

Manager. These two are supported by the following organs:

 Services attached to the General management

 A Central Administration

 Business Units

 Regional Departments and Representations.

 11

Picture 1.2: General Manager of CAMTEL, Mme. Judith Yah Sunday Epouse Achidi

Figure 1.3: General Organization of CAMTEL [2]

 12

Commercial and
Marketig
Department

Technical and
Information
Systems
Department

Finance and
CENTRAL Budget
ADMINISTRATION Department
Recovery
Department

Human
Resources
Department

Procurement
and Property
Department

Figure 1.4 Central Administration Departments [2]

Figure 1.8 Central Administration Departments

Figure 1.5: The 3 Business Units Networks

 13

1.5.5 Organization and Structure of CAMTEL RRO

The West Regional Representation, which is headed by a Regional Representative in

each of its entities, brings together and manages all the services that constitute it. It

includes twelve (12) services, whose interactivity and complementarity contribute to the

proper functioning of this representation and especially in achieving the various

objectives assigned to it. As a result, the RRO is subdivided into 3 entities which are,

 The BUF for Fixed Business Unit which is represented by Mrs. DAISSALA
WAGRA
 The BUM for Business Unit Mobile which is represented by Mr. AJAH
EBONGWE ENONGENE
 The BUT for Business Unit Transport which is represented by Mr. TEKAM
FOAKA JULES [3]

Figure 1.6 RROF Organizational Chart

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1.6 Field of Specialization

The main activities of CAMTEL are:

 Construction of Telecommunications infrastructure

 Provision of Telecommunications services

The company therefore makes the following products available to its customers:

 Fixed telephone

 Wireless telephone or CT Phone

 Fixed and mobile internet

 Specialized Links

 Business networks

 Rental of circuits

 Rental of infrastructure

 FAKO: The brand Fako, responds to mobile connectivity needs via smart phones,

keys and Wi-Fi modems for millions of Cameroonian users, whether for

individuals, households, students, or even TPE.

 MBOA: The brand Mboa focuses on all home and office wired solutions

 GPON technology

 FTTH network available in major cities [2]

 15

Table 1.1 CAMTEL Company Description

ID Description

Acronym: CAMTEL Cameroon Telecommunications

Head Office Yaoundé, 20th May Boulevard

Date of creation 08 September 1998

Telephone (237) 222234065

Web Site http:/www.camtel.cm

RCCM 20000255

Judicial Form Public Limited Company (SA)

Social Capital 67.904.430.000 Francs CFA

Activity Telecom

Tax Regime Actual Earning Tax Regime

General Manager Mrs. ACHIDI YAH SUNDAY Judith

Slogan …Et ce n’est pas fini ! ……. And it’s not over !

Shareholder Cameroon Government : 100%

1.7 International Experience

 CAMTEL participated at the Submarine Network World 2023 in Singapore, which was

the largest annual gathering of subsea communication leaders [1]

 CAMTEL attended the Africa Com in Cape Town in 202, which discussed latest trends

in optic fiber communications

 CAMTEL has three landing stations based at Kribi, Limbe and Douala.

They give us access to SAT3, WACS, NCSCS and SAIL that serve Cameroon,

Africa, Europe, Asia and America

 16

 In 2021, Cameroon Telecommunications (CAMTEL) partnered with Angola Cables to

connect their Cross-Border Networks to International Cables. The agreement follows
an intent by both parties to develop business opportunities in West Africa and the
Atlantic region to boost redundancy, network resilience and the quality of
services (QoS) both nationally and internationally. Taking advantage of the extensive
subsea cable connections of SACS, WACS, and Monet within the robust backhaul
network of Angola Cables – and the added connectivity provided by
Camtel on the South Atlantic Inter Link (SAIL), businesses and enterprises will have
extended capacity options with a better access to West Africa local and regional
networks through Angola Cables and CAMTEL’s Points of Presence (PoPs) [3]

1.8 Reference Projects and Services Furnished by CAMTEL

CAMTEL, beyond the obligations to serve the common good conferred on it by its status
as a state-owned company, finds itself at the source of some specific activities in the field
of state-of-the-art technology, for which it has had to showcase its expertise through the
execution of certain projects including:
 The National Broadband Network (NBN): The Expansion and modernization of the
Internet network, implementation of value-added services
 The Implementation of the mobile network or Mobile Communications Networks
MCN- (ongoing)
 The Completion of phase 3 of the National Optical Fiber Backbone project (ongoing)
 The Telecom services for the African Cup of Nations 2022 and the just ended
African Nations Championship in January, 2021
 The development of Cameroon's Agro pastoral Portal Project
 The Commissioning of the SAT3 / WASC / SAFE, WACS and Main One (NCS²)
Optical fiber submarine cables and Main one (NCS ²) [1]
 17

In general, apart from storage, CAMTEL offers 3 main services, according to its business
units: Mobile, Fixed, and Transport.

 Mobile (Blue)

Figure 1.7 CAMTEL Blue Logo Picture 1.3 Blue Max Vehicle
A mobile network is a network that allows the simultaneous use of millions of
wireless devices, stationary or in motion, including when traveling at high speed and over
great distances for the sharing of resources such as: voice, data mobile,
messaging. To achieve this objective, all radio access technologies must solve the same
problem: sharing and distributing a single radio frequency band as efficiently as possible
between many users. CAMTEL's mobile network called Blue, already
operational, is gaining a preponderant place day after day in the national electronic
communications landscape, with coverage of nearly 50% of the national population. [5]

 Fixed

Picture 1.4: ADSL cable and landline phone technology

CAMTEL also provides its customers with fixed solutions, that is to say electronic
communication by coaxial cable (ADSL) for Asymmetric Digital Subscriber Line and
by optical fiber (FTTX) for Fiber To The fiber to the subscriber, it is a technology for
connecting fiber end-to-end to subscribers' homes. FTTLA fiber to the last Amplifier.
 18

FTTB fiber to the building, similar to FTTLA it reaches the interior of private property.
FTTN fiber to the node, used in public areas. FTTDP fiber arrives at the building in a
DPU (Distribution Point Unit). FTTO fiber to the office, the fiber reaches the subscriber's
premises. FTTE FTTCAB the fiber to the sub-distributor.

 Transport

Picture 1.5: Optic fiber cable

CAMTEL has an imposing backbone network which connects all regions of Cameroon
between itself and with the outside world. Operators trying to establish themselves in
Cameroon can therefore use the CAMTEL backbone to connect their different sites. This
network is mainly made up of optical fiber cable in particular the 96 Strands has eight
(08) strands each comprising 12 Strands of optical fiber for a YAOUNDE-
BAFOUSSAM type backbone. For backbones such as BAFOUSSAM, FOUMBOT,
FOUMBAN, MBOUDA and many others, the optical fiber cables are 24 strands, i.e. four
(04) strands of six (06) strands each.

CAMTEL's transport network includes 12,000km of optical fiber and covers the 10
regions connecting all the capitals of the regions with an architecture made up of so-
called national loops. The main large cities also have urban loops, thus making it possible
to create alternative paths for the flow of traffic. Some landlocked areas are connected
by radio link. The main transmission artery of the network is the Kribi-Kousseri axis
which is very strategic insofar as it is positioned as a gateway for the Port Sudan – Kribi
digital corridor creating a diagonal of the continent thus offering connectivity with better
 19

performance between Asia, the Middle East and the Americas

The transport network is supplied internationally through (04) submarine cable

outputs with three (03) landing stations including:

 WACS in Batoke (Limbe) for the WACS cable connecting Cameroon to various

countries on the West African coast and the European continent

 SAT3, the oldest with a landing point in Douala for an alternative exit to Europe and

Asia via South Africa

 NCSCS in Kribi connecting Cameroon to Nigeria

 SAIL connecting Kribi to FORTALEZZA in Brazil to interconnect the two major

continents of Africa and the Americas

 Ceiba 2 in Kribi to connect Equatorial Guinea (8)

 Storage

With a modern data center, built on an area of 3,019 m2, compliant with international

standards and certified TIER III level and unique in its content in the digital world in

Central Africa, CAMTEL has assets beyond all expectations. Very large capacity servers

offering businesses and institutions the possibility of renting storage space for their data.

[5]
 20

Chapter Two: OVERALL INTERNSHIP EXPERIENCE

2.1 Joining of the Company

I joined CAMTEL RRO Bafoussam on the 5th of August 2024, according to an

internship offer by the Director General, Mme Judith Yah Sunday Epouse Achidi.
The internship lasted for two months, from the 05th of August to the 05th of October
2024.

Picture 2.1 Internship Letter

 21

2.2 Section of the Company I have been working

I worked in 4 main departments. These can be seen in my internship rotation letter.

Table 2.1: Internship Rotation Plan

No Center Period
1 Fixed Access Network Sector SRAF 05 – 13 August 2024
2 Information Systems and IP Networks 14 – 23 August 2024
Operations Center CESIR-IP
3 Fixed Network Maintenance Center, CMRF 26 August - 13
September 2024
4 Wired Access Networks Operating Center 16 September – 04
CERAF October 2024

I also worked in other departments; such as the CRA, Center for Radio Network Access of 2G, 3G and 4G
networks, the Ground Transmission Center CTT, and the Energy and Environment Sector, SEE.

Picture 2.2 Internship Rotation Letter

 22

2.2.1 Fixed Access Network Sector SRAF (Secteur des Réseaux d’Access
Filiaire)

Picture 2.3 Front view of the SRAF

The SRAF is the RRO establishment which is responsible for the distribution of the
CAMTEL network in urban areas.
Its missions are:
 Preventive and curative maintenance of OLT and ODF
 Automation of equipment in the OLT system
 Form the creation of clients in an MSAN, ADLS [3]

The BAFOUSSAM Fixed Access Network Sector is headed by a center manager

Mr. LIENOU Charles. In this department, I visited the room of the core network. In this
room we found equipment such as the Optical Line Terminal (OLT). The Optical
Distribution Frame (ODF) is responsible for the production and distribution of the signal in
the areas through equipment such as FDT, MSAN. In addition, we visited the distributors'
room which contained a large number of equipment such as distributors which are signal
distribution equipment but only have copper as their transmission medium
 23

i) ii)

iii) iv)

Picture 2.4 Some equipment found at SRAF: i) MSAN, ii) ODF, iii)
Core network equipment, iv) Interface of an OLT
 24

Picture 2.5 Coordinate System of the Fixed Access Network

 Functioning of a Multi-Service Access Node (MSAN)

A multi-service access node (MSAN), also known as a multi-service access

gateway (MSAG), is a device typically installed in a telephone exchange (although
sometimes in a roadside serving area interface cabinet[1]) which connects customers'
telephone lines to the core network, to provide telephone, ISDN, and broadband such
as DSL all from a single platform.

Prior to the deployment of MSANs, telecom providers typically had a multitude of

separate equipment including DSLAMs to provide the various types of services to
customers. Integrating all services on a single node, which typically backhauls all data
streams over IP or Asynchronous Transfer Mode can be more cost effective and may
provide new services to customers more quickly than previously possible.

A typical outdoor MSAN cabinet consists of narrowband (POTS), broadband (xDSL)

services, batteries with rectifiers, optical transmission unit and copper distribution frame.
[4]

 Functioning of an OLT

An OLT (optical line terminal), also known as optical line termination, acts as the
endpoint hardware device in a passive optical network. The OLT contains a central
processing unit (CPU), passive optical network cards, a gateway router (GWR) and a
 25

voice gateway (VGW) uplink cards. It can transmit a data signal to users at 1490
nanometers (nm). That signal can serve up to 128 ONTs at a range of up to 12.5 miles by
using optical splitters. [5]

Figure 2.1 Functioning of an OLT [6]

OLT Functions

 Converting the standard signals of the FiOS (Fiber Optic Service) provider to the
frequency signal and framing used by the passive optical network

 Coordinating the multiplexing among the conversion devices of the optical network
terminal situated in the subscriber’s premises

 Collecting data from different optical network terminals and multiplexes it into a single
fiber link, optimizing bandwidth utilization

 Managing traffic based on service requirements to enhance network quality and

performance

 Ensuring network security and data privacy, protecting against unauthorized access

 Distributing bandwidth among connected customers to ensure reliable communication

 Enabling service providers to manage the network, monitor performance, and

troubleshoot faults
 26

2.2.2 Information Systems and IP Networks Operations Center CESIR-IP

(Centre d’Exploitation des Systèmes d’Information et de Réseaux IP)

Picture 2.6 Structure of the CESIR-IP

The CESIR-IP is the technical establishment of the RRO responsible for checking the
status of subscribers (activating new subscribers, canceling subscribers who have unpaid
bills, configuring the speed of a subscriber's connection).
The Information Systems and IP Networks Operations Center is headed by a center
manager Ms MADEFO Emilienne

The missions of CESIR-IP are as follows:

 Technical management and operation of Internet points of presence;
The provision of internet access by VSAT in relation to other structures
concerned
 The operation and maintenance of public networks and systems;
It serves as support for configuring personnel services and their area of expertise;
Management of local entities of the CAMTEL corporate network;
Installation and monitoring of subscribers in relation to commercial structures; The
management of specialized urban and interurban links
 Management and monitoring of the corporate network
 27

 Management of preventive and curative maintenance of multiplexing room

equipment
At the CESIR, we also learn how to configure modems and setting up a phone to work
on CAMTEL SIM

The CESIR-IP deals mostly with the management of optic fiber networks from
CAMTEL to the client. The Transmission Center there provides access to all connected
customers on CAMTEL

Picture 2.7 Multiplexing rack equipment

 28

Picture 2.8 Multiplexing rack equipment, no 2

Picture 2.9 Converters

 29

 Principle of Optic Fiber Multiplexing

The main multiplexing techniques used in optic fibers are Wavelength Division
Multiplexing (WDM) and Dense Wavelength Division Multiplexing (DWDM)

1 Wavelength Division Multiplexing (WDM)

In optical fiber communication system, wavelength division multiplexing is a technology
which combines a number of optical carrier signal and then transmitting through a single
optical fiber by using different wavelength (i.e. colors) of laser light. This technique
enables bidirectional communication over one strand of optical fiber, as well as
multiplication of capacity [7]

Figure 2.2 Wavelength Division Multiplexing

2 Dense Wave Division Multiplexing (DWDM)

DWDM technology is an extension of optical networking and is designed to maximize
the capacity and efficiency of fiber-optic networks. It achieves this by allowing multiple
data streams to be transmitted simultaneously over a single optical fiber using different
wavelengths of light. DWDM is a subset of wavelength-division multiplexing (WDM)
that typically uses the spectrum band within 1530nm and 1625nm, or more commonly
the C-band and L-band, to input 40, 88, 96, or even 160 wavelengths, or channels, onto
a single strand of fiber optic cable (10)
 30

Picture 2.10 Interventions at CESIR-IP to clients, on the 15/08/2024

 31

2.2.3 Wired Access Networks Operating Center CERAF (Centre de Reseaux

d’Access Filière)

Picture 2.11 Structure of CERAF

CERAF is the technical establishment of the RRO responsible for ensuring the
maintenance of equipment between the FAT and the subscriber. It is headed by Mr.
Mboki. The missions of CERAF are as follows
 Carry out connection, activation, commissioning and troubleshooting for subscribers
to wired access networks using optical technology from FAT distribution points upon
requests from commercial agencies
 Carry out the connection, activation, commissioning and recovery of copper
technologies from PC/MSAN distribution points upon requests from commercial
agencies
 Terminate, upon requests from commercial agencies, and the withdrawal of equipment
from subscribers to the fixed wire service, at the end of the contract
 Secure management and monitoring of saturation rates of wired access network
infrastructures (copper and fiber optic access nodes)
 Managing the technical resources of the wired distribution and customer connection
network (5)
 32

At the CERAF, we were in charge of the coordination, mapping and fiabilization of Fiber
Access Terminals (FAT), and other equipment.

 A FAT (Fiber Access Terminal) is an equipment that allows you to connect a

maximum of 16 subscribers. The FAT contains 02 splitters; each splitter sends 08
subscribers. the FAT is connected to the FDT. It plays an important role in fiber optic
networks to provide connectivity and distribution of services to end users

Picture 2.12 A Fiber Access Terminal

 TB (Terminal Box): It plays an essential role in the deployment and connection of

fiber optic cables. Here are some of the main roles of a Terminal Box
 Termination Point. The Terminal Box is the end point where the fiber optic cables
are terminated and connected. It provides a centralized location for terminating the
optical ends of cables.
 Connection protection. The Terminal Box provides physical protection for fiber
optic connections. It is generally designed to protect connectors and keep optical
fibers safe from any potential breakage, twisting or damage
 Cable distribution. The Terminal Box also facilitates distribution and organization
of optic fiber cables. It provides a structured space for grouping and storing cables,
allowing clean and orderly management of fiber optic connections.
 33

Picture 2.13 A terminal box

 ATB (Access Terminal Box): It plays an important role in telecommunications

networks to provide connectivity and distribution of services to end users. The ATB
is the endpoint where communication connections are established for end users. It
connects main distribution cables originating from the central network to distribution
cables serving residential or commercial customers

Picture 2.14 An access terminal box

 34

 Fusion Box: The fusion box was the equipment used to connect two strands of optic
fibers in order to ensure proper communication. The loss in the connection of the two
optic fiber strands should vary from 0.01-0.03dB. Any loss above this value will
imply that the fibers were not well fused.

Picture 2.15 A fusion box

 Optical Time Domain Reflectometer (OTDR): This device is used to check the
connection of the optic fiber between CAMTEL and a client. It has a laser beam
which send laser light through the optic fiber in order to know with precision, at
which point is the fiber connection broken.

Picture 2.16 An Optical Time Domain Reflectometer

 35

Picture 2.17 Interventions at the CERAF, on the 17/09/2024

 36

2.2.4 Fixed Network Maintenance Center, Centre de Maintenance des Reseaux

Fixes de l’Ouest, CMRF

Picture 2.18 Structure of the CMRF

The CMRF is the technical establishment of the RRO responsible for ensuring the
maintenance of equipment between OLT and the FAT. To abbreviate Fixed Access
Network Maintenance Center, It is the Camtel department which takes care of the
installation of poles for the transport of aerial optical fibers intended for specialized and
FTTH links. They take care to maintenance of these posts to avoid degradation, it pulls
the optical fiber into the rooms for the specialized links, and bring the signal from the
CTT to the FAT. This center also works from the OLT to the FAT, they maintain the
optical chambers.

Picture 2.19 CMRF vehicle

 37

The missions of the CMRF are as follows

 Guarantee of 24/7 high availability of urban transport networks and
fixed access networks through the implementation of best security and resilience
practices
 Preventive and curative maintenance of fixed access network infrastructures wired,
copper and optical, by implementing the related operational maintenance plans
 Preventive and curative maintenance of transport network infrastructures urban,
copper and optical, through the implementation of the related operational
maintenance plans
 Updating the descriptive databases of networks and infrastructures, in particular
following the modifications made by the interventions
 Detection of access saturations and breakdowns of technical resources
 Ensuring the cleanliness of the underground connection chambers
 Installing poles to establish the continuity of the network by fiber or copper
 Installation, preventive and curative maintenance of equipment such as MDU, FAT

Bafoussam fixed network maintenance center is headed by a center manager Mr.

HANDOU Yves

ODF

OLT

FDT

FAT

Figure 2.3 Area of action of the CMRF

 38

 Optical Distribution Frame (ODF): An ODF plays an essential role in the

organization and distribution of optical connections in fiber optic networks. Here are
some of the key roles of the Optical Distribution Frame:
The ODF provides a physical structure for organize and manage optical connections in a
fiber optic network environment. It allows optical fibers from different cables to be
grouped, linked and distributed in a centralized location.

Picture 2.20 An ODF

 Fiber Distribution Terminal (FDT): The main role of the FDT is to provide a
centralized point for the distribution of optical fibers in the network. Here are some key
roles of the Fiber Distribution Terminal
 Distribution of optical fibers: The FDT makes it possible to organize and distribute
the fibers optics originating from the main network backbone to different locations,
such as residential buildings, commercial premises or other endpoints. It facilitates
the distribution of optical signals and connectivity between the backbone and end
terminals
 Distribution of optical connections: The FDT allows the termination and
distribution of optical connections between the backbone and distribution cables or
drop cables. It provides a central point for connecting optical fibers originating from
the main network and routing them to the appropriate distribution cables to serve
the end terminals.
 39

Picture 2.21 An FDT

Picture 2.22 Intervention at the CMRF, on the 26/08/2024

 40

2.2.5 Center for 2G, 3G and 4G Access Networks, CRA (Centre de Reseaux
d’Access)

Picture 2.23 Structure of the CRA

The CRA are technical establishments of the Mobile Business Unit; that is to say,
establishments which deal with mobile networks. The missions of the CRA are as
follows
 Management of logistics, spare parts and measuring devices;
Monitoring the maintenance of LTE, CDMA, UMTS, and GSM radio access
network equipment
 The Proposal for the extension and identification of Radio access nodes based on
traffic and equipment loads
 Monitoring the management of traffic carried by the access nodes concerned
 Supervision and analysis of quality of service
 Production of statistics, activity reports and results

The Bafoussam 2G, 3G and 4G Access Network Center is headed by a center

manager Mr. WAFO Isaiah [3]
 41

At the CRA we saw equipment like

 The RRU: an RRU (Remote Radio Unit) is an essential component in a mobile
network. It is part of the base station infrastructure and is used to transmit and
receive network signals. The RRU is usually installed close to the antennas to
minimize signal losses and improve communications quality. The RRU is
responsible for converting radio signals into electrical signals and vice versa. The
RRU plays a crucial role in providing wide network coverage and reliable
connectivity to mobile users

Picture 2.24 An RRU

 An SFP module (Small Form Factor Pluggable): is an optical module used in

communication networks to transmit optical signals over optical fiber. It is used
in network equipment such as: MDUs, RRUs, etc. to allow connection to fiber
optic networks

Picture 2.25 SFP modules

 42

 Fiber Optic Cable (CPRI type): It is a type of cable used in telecommunications

networks to connect two communications equipment such as mobile phone
antennas, to base stations. CPRI (Common Public Radio Interface), and it is a
communication protocol used specifically in mobile telephony. These CPRI fiber optic
cables are designed to provide high speed data transmission and high bandwidth

Picture 2.26 CPRI type optic fiber cable

 ANT910: ATN910 is basically a type of network equipment used by

telecommunication service providers to route and manage large-scale data traffic. It
is a crucial element in modern telecommunications infrastructures. The ATN910
makes it possible to aggregate data traffic from different locations on the network,
manage it and distribute it to its final destination. This may include redirecting traffic
to high capacity links to ensure smooth and fast data transmission

Picture 2.27 The ANT910

 43

 Base Transceiver Station BTS: It is the equipment used in a mobile network which
contains a BBU, dry batteries and can be used indoors and outdoors. After the BBU
communicates with the RRU through a fiber optic cable and using an SFP interface,
it is also connected to the BSC (Base Station Controller) through ATN910 and using
an ABICE interface

Picture 2.28 An open indoor BTS

Table 2.2 Evolution of Mobile Communications from 1G to 5G

 44

During our stay at the CRA, we noticed that the center manages all those of the mobile
network in the WEST and in the NORTH-WEST regions. It is subdivided into five (05)
sessions which are:
1) A maintenance section: they manage preventive and curative maintenance of
mobile equipment
2) A logistics and tools section: they manage all technical equipment
3) A planning and optimization section: In planning the cells are grouped so that
the other interferes with the other, in optimization it allows the saturation or
non-saturation of an antenna to be controlled
4) An implementation and deployment section: for transport and construction
5) A quality and performance monitoring section: they provide information on the
performance indicators of the site giving its output

2.2.6 Ground Transmission Center (Centre de Transmission Terrestre)

Picture 2.29 Structure of the CTT

The CTTs are these centers which act directly on the backbone network. Its missions
are
 Operation and maintenance of interurban Land Transmission infrastructure and
equipment
 Operation and maintenance of infrastructure and equipment for metropolitan loops
in localities that do not have an Urban Junction Center
 45

 Maintenance of operators’ “Last Mile” fiber optic cables

 Supervision and maintenance of digital access equipment in rural areas
 Carrying out interconnection and infrastructure sharing work with operators
installed on the sites
 Implementation of modifications to the physical or functional configuration of
equipment; First level maintenance of energy and environmental equipment
The Bafoussam Land Transmission Center is headed by a center manager, Mr.
TCHOFFO Boniface.

2.2.7 Energy and Environment Sector (Secteur d’Energie et d’Environement)

Picture 2.30 Structure of the SEE

The SEE is an establishment of the RRO which is responsible for the

energy part of CAMTEL. Its missions are:
 Management of preventive and curative maintenance of CAMTEL's primary and
secondary sources (generator, air conditioning, transformer, lead battery, dry
batteries)
 The electrical energy supply of CAMTEL transmission equipment (MDU, BTS)
 Provided 48V continuously 24/7 to ensure the operation of the business
 Management of preventive and curative maintenance of equipment present in ENEO
rooms on the RRO territory
 46

Picture 2.31 A manual generator at SEE

Picture 2.32 An automatic generator at SEE

The BAFOUSSAM energy and environment sector is headed by Mr. MEGAMTCHE

Charles
 47

2.3 Theme: FTTH Optic Fiber Network Monitoring

2.3.1 Problem Statement

As Fiber-to-the-Home (FTTH) networks rapidly expand to meet the demand for high-
speed internet services, ensuring optimal network performance and reliability is essential
for maintaining quality of service (QoS). Effective monitoring is crucial for identifying
performance bottlenecks, detecting faults, and ensuring minimal downtime in optical
fiber networks. This study explores the use of Wireshark, a widely adopted open-source
packet analysis tool, for monitoring FTTH optical networks. Wireshark’s robust
capabilities enable real-time packet capture, analysis, and troubleshooting within the
FTTH infrastructure, providing deep insights into network behavior.

2.3.2 Research Objectives

The main research objective is to develop or use a software capable of monitoring FTTH

networks and thereby help CAMTEL in its network management procedures.

2.3.3 Literature Review

 The 7 Layers of the OSI Model

OSI stands for Open Systems Interconnection. It has been developed by ISO –

International Standardization Organization, in the year 1984. It is a 7-layer architecture

with each layer having specific functionality to perform. All these 7 layers work

collaboratively to transmit the data from one person to another across the globe. [8] Each

layer both performs specific functions to support the layers above it and offers services

to the layers below it. The three lowest layers focus on passing traffic through the network

to an end system. The top four layers come into play in the end system to complete the

process.
 48

Figure 2.4 The 7 layers of the OSI Model

Layer 1 - Physical Layer

Figure 2.5 OSI Physical Layer

 49

The physical layer of the OSI model defines connector and interface specifications,

as well as the medium (cable) requirements. Electrical, mechanical, functional, and

procedural specifications are provided for sending a bit stream on a computer

network

Layer 2 - Data Link Layer

Figure 2.6 OSI Data Link Layer

Layer 2 of the OSI model provides the following functions

 Allows a device to access the network to send and receive messages

 Offers a physical address so a device’s data can be sent on the network

 Works with a device’s networking software when sending and receiving messages

 Provides error-detection capability

 50

Layer 3 - Network Layer

Figure 2.7 OSI Network Layer

The third of the OSI layers organizes and transmits data between multiple networks.

Network layer hardware includes routes, bridge routers, 3-layer switches, and protocols

such as Internet (IPv4) Protocol version 4 and Internet Protocol version 6 (IPv6). This

layer routes data via the shortest or fastest physical path, working around traffic controls,

congestion, broken links, service priority, and more. It handles addressing logic to

distinguish between the source and destination networks. It divides data into packets to

send and then reassembles them at their destination. [8]

Layer 4 - Transport Layer

Layer 4, the transport layer of the OSI model, offers end-to-end communication between

end devices through a network. Depending on the application, the transport layer either

offers reliable, connection-oriented or connectionless, best-effort communications.

Figure 2.8 OSI Transport Layer

 51

Some of the functions offered by the transport layer include:

 Application identification

 Client-side entity identification

 Confirmation that the entire message arrived intact

 Segmentation of data for network transport

 Control of data flow to prevent memory overruns

 Establishment and maintenance of both ends of virtual circuits

 Transmission-error detection

 Realignment of segmented data in the correct order on the receiving side

 Multiplexing or sharing of multiple sessions over a single physical link

Layer 5 - Session Layer

Figure 2.9 OSI Session Layer

This OSI Model layer concerns itself with managing session links between network
devices with a specific beginning and end. The essential functions include establishing a
link to start the session, authenticating senders and receivers, authorizing
communications between devices and apps, maintaining the session, and terminating the
connection, which are the key functions. A common session type is when an internet user
 52

visits and browses a website for a specific period. An essential concept in this layer is
synchronization, in which checkpoints during the session ensure a coordinated data flow
that is free of unplanned breaks or data loss [8]

Layer 6 - Presentation Layer

Figure 2.10 OSI Presentation Layer

Layer 6, the presentation layer, is responsible for how an application formats the data to
be sent out onto the network. The presentation layer basically allows an application to
read (or understand) the message.
Examples of presentation layer functionality include:
 Encryption and decryption of a message for security
 Compression and expansion of a message so that it travels efficiently
 Graphics formatting
 Content translation
 System-specific translation
 53

Layer 7 - Application Layer

Figure 2.11 OSI Application Layer

The top layer of the OSI 7-layer model is the application layer. It is how a user
application, such as a website, browser, email, instant messaging, file transfers, or voice-
over IP, interfaces with the network. Think of it as the window for accessing the network
to send or display data, which can be anything from a picture of your pet cat to a database
of statistics to a voice message. It facilitates networking requests, determines resource
availability, synchronizes communication, and manages application-specific networking
requirements. The application layer also identifies constraints at the application level,
such as those associated with authentication, privacy, quality of service, networking
devices, and data syntax.
Common OSI application layer protocols include: File Transfer Protocol (FTP) Simple
Mail Transfer Protocol (SMTP) Domain Name System (DNS)

 IP Addressing

When IP was first standardized in September 1981, the specification required that each
system attached to an IP-based Internet be assigned a unique, 32-bit Internet address
value. Systems that have interfaces to more than one network require a unique IP address
for each network interface. The first part of an Internet address identifies the network on
which the host resides, while the second part identifies the particular host on the given
network. This creates the two level addressing hierarchy that is illustrated in Figure 2.7
[9]
 54

Figure 2.12 Two-level Internet Addressing Structure

Three main classes of addresses are used for networking: Class A, Class B and Class
C. Class D addresses have their leading four bits set to 1 -1-1-0 and are used to support
IP Multicasting. Class E addresses have their leading four bits set to 1 -1-1-1 and are
reserved for experimental use.
 Each Class A network address has an 8-bit network prefix, with the highest order bit
set to 0 (zero) and a 7-bit network number, followed by a 24-bit host number. Today,
Class A networks are referred to as “/8s” (pronounced “slash eight” or just “eights”)
since they have an 8- bit network prefix. Since the /8 address block contains 231
(2,147,483,648) individual addresses and the IPv4 address space contains a
maximum of 2 32 (4,294,967,296) addresses, the /8 address space is 50 percent of
the total IPv4 unicast address space
 Each Class B network address has a 16-bit network prefix, with the two highest order
bits set to 1 -0 and a 14-bit network number, followed by a 16-bit host number. Class
B networks are now referred to as “/16s” since they have a 16-bit network prefix. A
maximum of 16,384 (214) /16 networks can be defined with up to 65,534 (216-2)
hosts per network. Since the entire /16 address block contains 230 (1,073,741,824)
addresses, it represents 25 percent of the total IPv4 unicast address space
 Each Class C network address has a 24-bit network prefix, with the three highest
order bits set to 1 -1-0 and a 21 -bit network number, followed by an 8-bit host
number. Class C networks are now referred to as “/24s” since they have a 24-bit
network prefix. A maximum of 2,097,152 (221) /24 networks can be defined with up
to 254 (28-2) hosts per network. Since the entire /24 address block contains 229
(536,870,912) addresses, it represents 12.5 percent (or one-eighth) of the total IPv4
unicast address space
 55

Figure 2.13 Classful IP Addressing

Table 2.3 IPv4 Classful Addressing

Subnetting

Subnetting attacked the expanding routing table problem by ensuring that the subnet
structure of a network is never visible outside of the organization’s private network. The
route from the Internet to any subnet of a given IP address is the same, no matter which
subnet the destination host is on. This is because all subnets of a given network number
use the same network prefix but different subnet numbers. The routers within the private
organization need to differentiate between the individual subnets, but as far as the Internet
routers are concerned, all of the subnets in the organization are collected into a single
routing table entry. This allows the local administrator to introduce arbitrary complexity
into the private network without affecting the size of the Internet’s routing tables. [13]
 56

Figure 2.14 Subnetting Hierarchy

2.3.4 Methodology

 Problem Statement

As the demand for high-speed internet services continues to rise, Fiber to the Home
(FTTH) technology has become a cornerstone of modern telecommunications
infrastructure. However, ensuring the reliability and performance of FTTH networks
poses significant challenges, particularly in monitoring and diagnosing network issues.
Existing monitoring solutions often lack the depth and specificity required for optical
networks, leading to increased downtime and customer dissatisfaction.

Wireshark, a powerful network protocol analyzer, has demonstrated its effectiveness in

monitoring various network types, yet its application in FTTH optical networks remains
underexplored. The challenge lies in adapting Wireshark’s capabilities to capture,
analyze, and interpret optical network traffic efficiently. This adaptation is critical for
identifying performance bottlenecks, diagnosing faults, and ensuring optimal service
delivery in FTTH deployments

 Objectives

The primary objective of this study is to develop a framework for using Wireshark in the
monitoring of FTTH optical networks. This involves:

1. Identifying Key Performance Indicators (KPIs): Determining the critical

metrics that need monitoring to ensure network health.
2. Protocol Analysis: Understanding the specific protocols utilized in FTTH
networks to effectively capture and analyze relevant traffic.
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3. Integration and Adaptation: Modifying Wireshark’s functionalities to enhance

its effectiveness for FTTH-specific scenarios.
4. User Interface Enhancements: Creating user-friendly visualizations and alerts
for network administrators to quickly diagnose issues.

By addressing these challenges, this study aims to provide telecommunications operators

with a robust tool for monitoring FTTH networks, ultimately leading to improved service
quality, reduced operational costs, and enhanced customer satisfaction

 Wireshark
Wireshark is a powerful, open-source network protocol analyzer used for capturing
and inspecting network traffic in real time. It is widely used by network professionals,
system administrators, security experts, and developers for various purposes. Below
are the key uses of Wireshark. Wireshark is highly versatile and valuable for anyone
working with networks or interested in understanding how data flows through them

Figure 2.15 Logo of Wireshark

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Summary of Key Features of Wireshark:

 Real-time packet capture and offline analysis of captured data.

 Deep inspection of hundreds of protocols.
 Filtering capabilities to focus on specific traffic of interest.
 Graphical representation of traffic for performance analysis.
 Can be integrated with other tools for automated monitoring

Figure 2.16 Information about Wireshark [3]

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Steps to Monitor a Client’s Traffic Using Wireshark

To monitor a client's network using Wireshark from your PC with the client's IP address,
follow these steps:

 Prerequisites

 Wireshark Installation: Ensure you have Wireshark installed on your PC

 Network Access: You need to be on the same network as the client or have proper
access permissions to capture the traffic
 Permissions: Ensure you have permission from the client to monitor their network
traffic to comply with legal and ethical standards. In this case, there is no problem
because CAMTEL is the ISP of all clients.

1. Install Wireshark

Download and install Wireshark from the official website, at

https://www.wireshark.org/download.html

During installation, you'll be prompted to install the Npcap driver, which is necessary
for packet capture. Make sure to install it. Steps to Monitor Network Traffic

2. Open Wireshark:
o Launch Wireshark on your PC.
3. Select the Correct Interface:
o Choose the network interface that connects to the same network as the
client (e.g., Ethernet, Wi-Fi)
4. Set Up a Capture Filter:
o To focus only on the client's traffic, set a capture filter using their IP
address. You can do this by entering the following filter in the "Capture
Filter" field: host <172.20.69.192>
5. Start Capturing:
o Click the green shark fin icon (or go to Capture > Start) to begin capturing
packets
o
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6. Analyze Traffic:
o Once the capture begins, you’ll see packets flowing in real-time. Look for
traffic specific to the client's IP address.
o You can use display filters for more refined analysis. For example:

ip.address == <172.20.69.192>

o This will show only packets where the client's IP address is either the
source or the destination.
7. Stop the Capture:
o When you’ve captured enough data, click the red square button (or go to
Capture > Stop) to stop the packet capture.
8. Save the Capture (Optional):
o You can save the captured data for later analysis by going to File > Save
As.
9. Analyze the Data:
o Review the captured packets, checking for protocols, errors, or
performance issues. Wireshark provides various tools to analyze traffic
patterns, identify issues, and visualize data.

Important Notes

 Privacy and Security: Always ensure you have explicit consent to monitor
another user's network traffic.
 Network Configuration: In some networks, due to configurations like switched
environments, capturing traffic destined for another IP may require advanced
techniques like port mirroring or using a network tap.
 Firewall and Security Software: Make sure that your firewall or security
software does not block Wireshark from capturing traffic.

By following these steps, you can effectively monitor a client's network traffic using
Wireshark while ensuring ethical and legal compliance
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2.3.5 Results and Discussion

The following are the captures made for a client network

Picture 2.33 Capturing from Ethernet 2

Picture 2.34 Erroneous Packet Flow

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The color codes in Wireshark help us to understand the packet flow. In the diagram, we
see a black color, meaning the packets did not reach the destination

Figure 2.17 Color Codes in Wireshark

2.4 Challenges Faced

Several challenges did I face throughout my internship. Some of them are:
 The choice of the internship theme
 The frequent power failure of the GPS used to take down the FAT coordinates
 The security of intern’s appliances like phones was not guaranteed
 The understanding of the general functioning of CAMTEL RRO
To all these challenges there were solutions;
 I could finally work on a good theme
 The batteries of the GPS were changed with good ones
 Our gadgets like phones were secured
 I could now understand the general functioning of CAMTEL RRO, and the
interconnection between the different departments
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Chapter Three: OVERALL BENEFITS OF INTERNSHIP

3.1 Introduction
This section deals with how profitable was my internship at CAMTEL to me, in theory,
practice, and more.
3.2 Improving Practical Skill
Throughout my internship, my practical skills greatly improved. They include:
 Network Configuration and Management
 Installation of optic fiber cables
 Collecting client information from the Fiber Access Terminal
 Client Fiber Solution Deployment
 Wi-Fi configuration

3.3 Upgrading the Theoretical Knowledge

Throughout my internship, I had to upgrade my theoretical knowledge on IP Addressing, OSI
Models, TCP/IP Protocols, Signaling (SS7, SIGTRAN, Diameter, etc.), Mobile Networks (1G
to 5G), Network Management, and more.

3.4 Upgrading Interpersonal Communication Skill

Interpersonal Communication Skill is probably the greatest skill developed throughout my
internship because I learned to work with people in other departments and acquire new
knowledge outside my field of preference. I also learned to communicate in order to take
permissions, inquire, solve issues, and more. Without this, I would have missed a lot of things,
but thanks to communication, several needs could be met.

3.5 Improving Leadership Skill

The ability to make changes, to inspire, to cause a following was another great skill I learned
so far. I mentored junior interns who came after me. I also led my fellow interns in various
decision-making moments throughout my internship. I can say my leadership skills improved.

3.6 Work Ethics and Related Issues

Work ethics is another very serious skill I developed throughout my internship. The
professional world is sometimes very different from the academic worlds, and so I needed to
learn how to adapt to reality; I learned that little things like greeting, politeness, cleanliness,
 64

openness and courtesy are very vital in company; they are like the pivot of a swing, keeping
the structure in harmony. I can say that my work ethics have developed too.

3.7 Entrepreneurship Skill

My Entrepreneurship skills, though not really put to test, were however also developed
throughout my internship, notably due to the project I worked on, which had to do with creating
something new. This called for my critical thinking and brainstorming and so I can say that I
have been able to take personal initiatives on my own more maturely.

3.8 Partial Conclusion

To conclude, the following chart shows my degree of improvement in the skills mentioned
above.

Skills Improvement

Practical Leadership Theoritical Communication Work Ethics Entrepreneurial

Figure 3.1 Skills Improvement

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Chapter Four: GENERAL CONCLUSION

4.1 Summary of Findings

In summary, a detailed report on the activities of CAMTEL RRO have been given, and

in each department, specific tasks are done. However, all these tasks have one common

aim: To guarantee customer satisfaction to the optic fiber and mobile network usage. For

this to take pace, the team work diligently for clients to receive proper data and voice

services;

Moreover, the use of network monitoring tools like Wireshark can be very useful in

Telecom and Network companies like CAMTEL for the constant monitoring of the

client’s connection. Using the Fiber Access Terminal’s address, the FTTH networks of

clients can always be checked prior to customer complaint, and thereby facilitate the

troubleshooting of the network.

4.2 Contribution to Engineering and Technology

The use of Wireshark in network monitoring empowers engineers and technologists to

enhance network performance, security, and reliability. It provides invaluable tools for

troubleshooting, education, and the development of new technologies, ultimately

contributing to advancements in engineering and technology as a whole

4.3 Recommendations

CAMTEL (or any telecommunications provider), can use Wireshark to monitor the
network of all clients in a town by implementing a structured approach that leverages
both network infrastructure and Wireshark's capabilities. Here’s how this can be
effectively done:
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1. Network Infrastructure Setup

 Core Network Devices: Ensure that core network devices, such as routers and
switches, support features like port mirroring or span ports. This allows traffic from
multiple client devices to be sent to a single monitoring point.
 Use of Network Taps: Deploy network taps in critical locations to capture traffic
without interfering with the actual data flow. These taps can provide a reliable way
to monitor all traffic.

2. Implement Port Mirroring

 Configuration: Configure switches in the network to mirror the traffic from all
ports (where clients connect) to a designated monitoring port. This allows
Wireshark running on a machine connected to the monitoring port to capture all
relevant traffic.

3. Deployment of Wireshark

 Centralized Monitoring Stations: Set up dedicated monitoring stations in strategic

locations. Install Wireshark on these stations to capture and analyze the mirrored
traffic.
 Capture Filters: Use capture filters in Wireshark to focus on specific traffic types,
such as certain protocols or client IP ranges, to streamline analysis.

4. Data Analysis

 Real-Time Monitoring: Use Wireshark to analyze traffic in real-time. Look for

anomalies, bandwidth usage, or potential security threats across the network.
 Protocol Analysis: Identify which protocols are being used and assess their
performance. This can help in optimizing services and identifying issues.
 Historical Data: Save captured data for historical analysis. This can help in
troubleshooting and understanding long-term trends in network usage.
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5. Compliance and Security

 Legal Compliance: Ensure that all monitoring complies with local laws and
regulations regarding privacy and data protection. Obtain consent from clients as
necessary.
 Network Security: Use the insights gained from monitoring to enhance network
security. Identify potential vulnerabilities or unauthorized access attempts.

6. Reporting and Action

 Generate Reports: Use the data gathered to create reports on network

performance, client usage patterns, and incidents. This information can inform
decision-making and improve service offerings.
 Proactive Maintenance: Implement proactive measures based on monitoring
insights. For example, if certain segments of the network show consistent high
usage, consider upgrading infrastructure or optimizing traffic management.

By leveraging Wireshark in conjunction with appropriate network infrastructure

and monitoring techniques, CAMTEL can effectively monitor the network of all
clients in a town, ensuring high performance, security, and reliability

4.4 Future Scope

For a future scope, this project can be further developed by the Network Operating Center

(NOC) to integrate all clients to only at a local level, but also at a national scale, so as to

monitor the networks of all subscribed FTTH clients.

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REFERENCES

[1] CAMTEL Carrier, History, Values and Reference Projects of CAMTEL,

https://camtel.cm, 2022

[2] Sikem Tatah Vivian, THE FUNCTIONING OF THE DEPARTMENT OF FINANCE

AND BUDGET, DFB CAMTEL 2020 – 2021
[3] NJOMNANG KENMEGNE DARELL DECHANEL, LE RENIFLAGE DES
PAQUETS RESEAUX, RAPPORT DE FIN DE STAGE, IUES/INSAM - CAMTEL,
2023
[4] https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Multi-service_access_node
[5] https://www.fiberopticshare.com/basic-knowledge-optical-line-terminal-olt.html
[6] https://community.fs.com/article/exploring-the-olt-optical-line-terminal-.html

[7] Karishma Yuvraj Naitam, Dr.Dinesh Vithalrao Rojatkar, Wavelength Division

Multiplexing, JETIR (ISSN-2349-5162), Volume 4, Issue 01, January 2017

[8] Paul Simoneau, The OSI Model: Understanding the Seven Layers of Computer
Networks, www.globalknowledge.com, 2006

[9] Tatap Perets, Chamda Manuela, Modelling and Simulation of a Network Management
Solution in Gns3 using PRTG and CACTI, University of Buea, Technical Report, DOI:
10.13140/RG.2.2.16519.73121, 2021

[10] Mr. FRU ANE, CDMA DEVELOPMENT IN CAMEROON, ITU/BDT Regional

Seminar on Broadband Wireless Access (BWA) for rural and
remote areas for Africa CDMA DEVELOPMENT, 2021

[11] Rodrigues Kwate, Olivier Vidémé Bossou, Etude et conception d’un outil d’aide
à la gestion des services et au suivi des performances d’un réseau de transmission : Cas
de la boucle SDH/FO de CAMTEL Yaoundé, University of Yaounde, 2012
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Appendices

Appendix A Category B pylon

Category A: height >=120 m

Category B: 51 m <height<119 m
Category C =<50m
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Appendix B Category C pylon

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Appendix C CAMTEL Target Network

Appendix D Organigram of CESIR-IP

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Appendix E Network Architecture at CESIR-IP

Appendix F CDMA Development in Cameroon [10]

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Appendix G FAT Fiabilization Form

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Appendix H Organigram of CAMTEL West BUM

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Appendix I Mobile Switching Center

*
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Appendix J An OSN8000 at the GTC