PERT

GANTT CHART &

MBO PRESESNTED BY :
NAVANEETA KUSUM
M.SC. NSG
2ND YR.
 Program (Project) Evaluation and
Review Technique (PERT):

• It is a project management tool used to

schedule, organize and coordinate tasks within
a project.
• It is basically a method to analyse the tasks
involved in completing a given project,
especially the time needed to complete each
task, and to identify the minimum time needed
to complete the total project.
 Definition

PERT is a work model devised to complete the

project work in time.
It analyses the actual work time
required to complete a task.
 PERT in NSG.
In our daily nursing routines, we sometimes fail
to understand overriding nursing administration
goals and objectives, as a result we are not
prepared to deal with the situations that arise and
also fail to anticipate situations that may have
benefited from advance thought and planning.
PERT model is used in the nursing field to
delegate the work schedule, analyse the time
required to complete a task and prepare the duty
roster for all the nurses in the hospital by calculating
the approximate time required to provide care to
each patient.
 Components of PERT Model
Predecessor event: It is an event that precedes some
other event; it can be single or multiple.
Successor event: It is an event that immediately
follows some other event; it can have single or
multiple successor events.
Optimistic time (O): It is the minimum possible time
required to complete the task anticipating that
every event has occurred better than usually
expected.
Pessimistic time (P): This means the maximum
possible time required to complete the given task,
expecting or assuming everything goes wrong except
the main catastrophes.
 Cont....
Most likely time (M): The actual and the best
time required to complete the task assuming
everything goes in an usual way.
Expected time or the very best time (TE): The
accurate or the actual time required to complete the
task. It is the most reliable and valid time
estimated to complete a task. It can be calculated
using the following relation
TE= (O+4M+P) / 6
 Example:
What is the expected time for
this activity?

Let :
O = 12 days
M = 18
days P =
60
Sol : TE=
(O+4M+P)
/6
12 + 4(18)
Float time: It is the amount of time that can be
floated without causing delay in the total completion
of the work.
Critical paths: It is the longest possible and the actual
total time required to complete the full task. It is
otherwise called as total calendar time.
Lead time: This refers to the time taken by the
predecessor to complete the task. There is sufficient
time for the subsequent activities that can follow
the predecessor.
Lag time: This earliest time taken by the successor
event to take place, which follows the specific
PERT activity.

Slack time: This refers to the measure of the maximum

time and resources used in achieving the event.
There are three types of slack time- positive, negative
and zero slack.
Fast- tracking time: It means the time required to
complete the more critical activities at the same time.
Crash critical path: This means shortening the
duration of the critical activities.
 PERT Chart

PERT Chart is a graphical representation of the

activities of a project, showing the sequence that
has to be performed continuously. It has the critical
path of the tasks that has to be finished in time.
This chart helps to focus only the needed activity
and omit the unwanted ones; therefore it saves
time, energy and material.
Network Path of PERT
• The Circles mark the beginnings and ends of
Tasks to be down in the project, called Nodes.
• The Arrows are the tasks themselves.
• The Numbers after the task are the Durations
of the task.
• When a node has two or more tasks branching
from it, it means those tasks can be done
concurrently. When a node has incoming
arrows, it means the incoming task must be
completed before progress may continue to
any arrows heading away from the node.
• E.g. Task A must be completed before tasks B
or C may begin.
 Benefits of PERT

• Enables to determine the exact date of completion of

the task
• Completion of work is possible before the specified
date
• Critical path activities specify the main impact in
completion of activities in time
• Slack time can be noted out early
• Entire project data can be organized and used for
decision making
 cont..
• Prevents overlapping of activities, creates
better understanding of the task
activities
• Helps to identify early start, late start and
the slack-time activity
• Identifies the accurate critical path visible
and clear to all.
• Helps to prevent loss of money, material and
time
• Allows the management to economically use
the resources, estimate time management
and evaluate the work done in time
 Limitations of PERT
• Expert guidance is always needed.
• Difficult to categorize, more than 100/1000 of activity.
• Approximation of time estimate can lead to errors in
evaluation of time during work
• PERT uses distribution of probability, but the
actual distribution may be different.
• The PERT chart is usually very large and requires
several paged for printing. It also needs a
special signed paper.
• Before planning a PERT chart, one needs to do proper
planning to estimate the time frames for each activity.
GANTT CHART (ACTIVITY PLAN)

It is defined as a graphical device that illustrate the

tasks, machines, personnel and resources used to
complete a task.
It is always done on a calendar-oriented grid.
It is not only lists out the start and the finish data
but also summary elements of the project.
 Components of Gantt Chart
Horizontal axis: It represents time scale expressed as
absolute time from the project start to its end.
Horizontal bar indicate time needed to do the project.
Vertical marker or vertical axis: It is used to
represent the present point in time; vertical lines are
indicated to denote progress and completion.
Broken lines: These indicate gap or slippage times
during the project schedule
Diamond symbol: It indicates rescheduled work.
Gantt Chart
 Advantages of Gantt Chart

• Excellent tool to communicate wide population

around the world
• At a single glance, work done can be analyzed
quickly
• It is used as a reporting tool for large projects
• It gives cost, time and scope of the project
 Disadvantages
• It cannot effortlessly display more than 30 activities
• It is valuable only for short projects
• Chart can communicate only little information at a
time
• Magnitude behind the schedule is easily mis-
communicated, since it does not represent full size
of the project
• It is not suitable for most computer displays
Management by Objectives (MBO)

MBO is a comprehensive managerial system that

integrates many key managerial activities in a
systematic manner, consciously directed toward the
effective and efficient achievement of
organizational objectives.
It is a result centered, non-specialist,
operational managerial process for the effective
utilization of material, physical and human
resources of the organization.
 Objectives of MBO
• To measure and judge performance
• To related individual performance to organizational
goals
• To clarify both the job to be done and
the expectations of accomplishment
• To enhance communication between superior and
inferior.
• To stimulate the subordinates motivation
• To serve as a device for organizational control and
integration
 Characteristics of MBO
• MBO employs several techniques but it is not merely sum total
of these technique. It is a way of thinking about management
• Periodic review of performance is an important feature of
MBO
• MBO provides the stimulus for the introduction of new
techniques of management and enhances the relevance and
utility of the existing ones.
• The basic emphasis of MBO is an objectives. MBO is also
concerned with determining what these results and resources
should be. This MBO tries to match objectives and
resources.
• MBO is characteristics by the participation concerned managers
in objective setting, the performance reviews, and his
performance.
• Objectives in MBO provide guidelines for appropriate systems
procedure.
 Steps in process of MBO

• Setting of Organizational Purpose and Objectives

• Establishment of the objectives of the Supervision

• Recommending objectives for the subordinates by the

supervisors
• Setting subordinates objectives
• Periodic review of the performance of the
subordinates
• Review of the performance by the superiors
• Final review of performance by the supervisors
• Performance appraisal by superiors
• Providing feedback to the top level
Steps in process of MBO
 Benefits of MBO
• Better management of organization
• Clarity of objectives
• Role clarity
• Periodic feedback of performance
• Participation by managers in the management process
• Clarity in organizational action
• Personnel satisfaction
• Basis for organizational change
 Limitations of MBO

• Time and cost

• Failure to teach MBO philosophy
• Problems in objective setting
• Emphasis on short- term objectives
• Inflexibility
• Frustration
• Conflicting objectives
Implication of MBO in Nursing
MBO is not only essential and useful
for business managers, but is equally
important to nursing administrators to
improve the efficiency of nursing personnel.
MBO based on Taylorist principles
can be used in nursing managerial
process:
 cont....
• It measures and judge performance
• It correlates individual performance to
organizational goals
• It clarifies the job responsibilities expected
from staff
• It fosters the increasing competence and
growth of the subordinates
• It provides a data base for estimating the
salary and promotion
• It stimulates the subordinates motivation
 Conclusion:
PERT has been widely used in all types of management to
carry out the work efficiently. There is always a need for
a model like PERT to estimate the time limit for any work.
Gantt chart found its own importance in nursing.
These are used in nursing field to represent mortality and
morbidity rates and also a indicate duty rosters. All Nurses
must be involved in the planning process in their
organizations. The daily routine activities however often
cause nurses to devote little time to planning. Nurse
manager plays a significant role in planning process to
achieve the organizations primary goals rather than just
focusing on short term objectives and day to day operations.
THANK YOU