Higher Maths: Revision Notes
Higher Maths: Revision Notes
Higher Maths: Revision Notes
Revision Notes
Basic Differentiation
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Basic differentiation
You should know the meaning of the terms limit, differentiable at a point,
Examples 3
y 5x 2
f (x) 3x 5
x
f (x) 5 3x 51 y 5x 3x 1
2
f (x) 15x 4 dy
10x 3x 2
dx
dy 3
10x 2
f (x) 2x 3 4 x 2 3x 4 y f x dx x
f (x) 2x 3 4 x 2 3x1 4 x 0 dy
f x
f (x) 6x 2 8x1 3x 0 0x 1 dx x5
y
f (x) 6x 8x 3
2
x
x1 5
y 1 1
f (x) 4 x 5 x2 x2
12
1
1 y x 2 5x
f (x) 4 x 5x 2 0
dy 1 12 5 32
f (x) 2x
12
x 2x
dx 2
2 dy 1 5
f (x)
x dx 2 x 2 x 3
Test
Yourself?
yB yB
A straight line has a gradient mAB
xB xA
yQ y P f (x h) f (x) f (x h) f (x)
mPQ
xQ x P xhx h
Example
To find the gradient of the tangent to the curve y = f(x) Find the gradient of the tangent to the curve
at x = a we need to evaluate f ´(a). y = 3x2 + 2x – 1 at the point P(1, 4)
x4
dy
6x 2
dx
dy
6.4 2 26
dx x 4
D t 50t 2
dD
v 1 100t
dt
v = 1 + 100 5 = 501 m/sec
Example
f(x) = 2x3 – 3x2 – 12x + 1.
Identify where it is (i) increasing (ii) decreasing (iii) stationery
graph of derivative
f x 6x 2 6x 12 15
10
Test
Yourself?
When a function is defined on a closed interval, a ≤ x ≤ b, then it must have a
maximum and a minimum value in that interval.
These values can be found either at
• a stationary point [where f´(x) = 0]
• an end-point of the closed interval. [f(a) and f(b)]
All you need do is find these values and pick out the greatest and least values.
Example
A manufacturer is making a can to hold 250 ml of juice.
The cost of the can is dependent on its radius, x cm.
For practical reasons the radius must be between 2·5 cm and 4·5 cm.
dC
3x 2 10x 3 … which equals zero at stationary points.
dx
3x2 – 10x + 3 = 0
Þ (3x– 1)(x – 3) = 0
Þ x = 1/3 or x = 3
Working to 1 d.p.
f(1/3) = 15·5
f(3) = 6
f(2·5) = 6·9
f(4·5) = 18·4 Test
By inspection fmax = 18·4 (when x = 4·5) and fmin = 6 (when x = 3). Yourself?
solving optimisation problems using calculus
Example
To use calculus we must express the surface area in terms of x alone … so we must find h in terms of x .
For a cuboid, volume = lbh … so in this case 1000 = x2h.
And so, h 1000 2
1000x 2
x
The box is made from 6 rectangles, two of area x2 cm2 and four of area xh cm2
(d) 2x x
x2
reveal
reveal
Differentiate
(a) 3x5 + 4x3 – x – 3 (a) 15x4 + 12x2 –1
(b) 3x2 + 2x
(c) 3
4
x 1
(b) 3x 2 2 x 3x 2 2x 2
(d) 2x x
dy 1 1
x2 6x x 2 6x
dx x
You must make each 3
(c) 4 4 3x 1
term take the shape axn
x
dy 3
3x 2 2
dx x
1
(d) 2x x 2x x 2 1 32
2x x
x2 x2 x2
dy 5
2x 2 32 x 2
dx
Gradient at a Point
0
0 1 2 3
-1
reveal
reveal
0
0 1 2 3
H = 0·1x3 – 0·5x2 + 0·6x
-1
dH
0 3x 2 x 0 6
dx
dH
0 3 22 2 0 6
dx x 2
1 2 2 0 6
0 2
reveal
reveal
Since r = 4t + 3
then r = 11 t = 2.
and the area of the circular ripple, A cm2, is
π(4t + 3)2
A = π(4t + 3)2
A = 16πt2 + 24πt + 9π
dA
32t 24
dt
dA
32 2 24 88
dt t 2
The radius, r cm, of a particular circular When the radius is 11 cm, the area is
ripple is related to the time, t, in seconds increasing at the rate of 276·5 cm2 per second
since the photo was taken. correct to 1 d.p.
r = 4t + 3
reveal
reveal
N´(x)
Identifying
(i) where will it cut the y-axis?
(ii) where will it cut the x-axis?
(iii) where is it stationary?
(iv) where it is increasing/decreasing
especially in the neighbourhood
of the stationary points. reveal
reveal
(v) how it behave as x ±
Curve sketching
y = x 3 - 5x2 - 8x +
30
20
10
0
-3 -2 -1 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7
-10
-20
-30
-40
A shop takes x deliveries a year of cereal.
The suppliers are willing to make between 20 and 200 reveal
reveal
deliveries a year.
The annual cost of these deliveries can be calculated
from the formula:
10000
C x 4 x 1000 ; 20 ≤ x ≤ 200
x
10000
C x 4 x 1000
x
10000
C x 4
x2
30 cm
20 cm
20 – 2x
x
30 – 2x
reveal
reveal
30 cm
Conclusion
A function is defined by
x5 x4 x3 x2
f (x)
5 4 3 2
reveal
reveal
(a) Show that its derivative has factors
x, (x + 1) and (x – 1)
(b) Find the stationary points of the function
and determine their nature.
Stationary points and nature
differentiate
f x x 4 x 3 x 2 x
A function is defined by x(x 3 x 2 x 1)
x[x 2 (x 1) (x 1)]
f 0 0
Summarise findings
(–1,–7/60) point of inflexion
(1,–23/60) minimum turning point
(0, 0) minimum turning point