Business

Mathematics
 Group Members
Purna Kaur 02

Kalyani Gharat 15
Ramandeep Kaur 17
Aafreen Rakhangi 30
Shraddha Dherange 50
Derivatives
DEFINITION OF THE DERIVATIVE
The definition of the derivative formula:

f  x  h  f  x
r  lim
h 0 h
 Formula
d d
c   0  sin x   cos x
dx dx
d
x  1 d
 cos x    sin x
dx dx
d du dv
u  v    d
 tan x   sec 2 x
dx dx dx
dx
d
 uv   u dv  v du d
dx dx dx  sec x   sec x tan x
dx
du dv
v u d
d u
   dx 2 dx  csc x    csc x cot x
dx  v  v dx
d
d
 
x n  nx n 1  cot x    csc 2 x
dx dx
d dy dy du
 cu   c du  
dx dx dx du dx
Basic Differentiation Rules
d
1. c  0 c is a c o n s ta n t 
dx
Ex. f ( x)  5
f ( x)  0

 
2. d xn  nxn1
dx
 n is a real number
Ex. f ( x)  x 7


f ( x)  7 x 6
Basic Differentiation Rules
d d
3.  cf ( x)   c  f ( x)   c is a constant 
dx dx
8
Ex. f ( x)  3x
 
f ( x)  3 8 x 7  24 x 7

d d d
4.  f  x  g  x     f ( x)   g( x)
dx dx dx
Ex. f ( x)  7  x12

 11
f (x)  012x 12x11
More Differentiation Rules
5. Product Rule
d d d
 f  x  g  x    f (x) g(x)   g(x) f (x)
dx dx dx
3
 7

2
Ex. f ( x)  x  2 x  5 3x  8 x  1 
 
f ( x)  3 x 2  2 3x 7  8 x 2  1   x  2 x  5   21x
3 6
 16 x 
Derivative of the Derivative of the
first function second function

f (x) 30x 48x 105x 40x 45x 80x2

9 7 6 4 2
More Differentiation Rules
6. Quotient Rule

d d
d  
 f x  g(x)
dx
 f (x )  f ( x)
dx
 g(x)
 
dx  g(x)   g(x) 2
 More Differentiation Rules
6. Quotient Rule (cont.)
3x  5
Ex. f ( x)  2
x 2 Derivative of the
denominator
Derivative of the

 
numerator
3 x 2  2  2 x  3x  5
f ( x) 
x 
2
2
2

3x 2  10 x  6

x 
2
2
2
EXAMPLE
Find 3
the derivative:
y  x  2x  2x
5 2 2

Use the power rule

and the rule of adding
derivatives.

Note 3/2 – 1 = ½. x ½
y  5x  3 x  4 x
4
is the square root of x.
EXAMPLE
Using the definition of the Derivative, find the
derivative of….

f  x  x
 ANSWER PROCESS
f  x  h  f  x
r  lim  Definition of derivative
h 0 h
 x  h  x
 Applying the square root
r  lim
h 0 h function.

r  lim
  x  h   x   x  h   x   To lose the radical on top,
h 0 h  x  h   x  we multiply by its
conjugate.
h
r  lim
 
 After multiplication of the
h 0 h  x  h  x radical and its conjugate,
1 you get x+h –x, thus the x
r  lim
h 0   x  h  x  cancels.
 The h cancels.
1 1  Apply the limit as h0
r 
 x x 2 x   Simply.
CHAIN RULE FORMULA
Giventhat u is a differentiable function of x, and y is a
composition function with u and x, then..

dy dy du
 
dx du dx
 Chain Rule Example
52 8 2
Ex. y  u
, u  7 x  3x
dy dy du
 
dx du dx
5 32

 u  56 x7  6 x
2

Sub in for u

5
   
32
8 2
 7 x  3x  56 x7  6 x
2
  15 x   7 x 
32
7 8 2
 140 x  3x
Marginal Functions
The Marginal Cost Function approximates the
change in the actual cost of producing an additional
unit.
The Marginal Average Cost Function measures the
rate of change of the average cost function with
respect to the number of units produced.
The Marginal Revenue Function measures the rate of
change of the revenue function. It approximates the
revenue from the sale of an additional unit.
The Marginal Profit Function measures the rate of
change of the profit function. It approximates the
profit from the sale of an additional unit.
 Elasticity of Demand
Elasticity of a function y=f(x) is defined as the
rate of proportional change in y per unit
proportional change in x
If D=f(p) or p=g(D) is the price demand
function then the price elasticity of demand is
denoted by η=p/D *dD/dp
Demand is: Elastic if E(p) > 1
Unitary if E(p) = 1
Inelastic if E(p) < 1
 Maxima And Minima
Maxima-a function f(x) is said to
attain a maximum or maximum value
at a point x=a if it stops to increase
and begins to decrease at x=a
Minima- a function f(x) is said to
attain a minima or minimum value at
a point x=a if it stops to decrease and
begins to increase at x=a
 Higher Derivatives
The second derivative of a function f is the
derivative of the derivative of f at a point x in
the domain of the first derivative.
Derivative Notations

d2y
Second
f  dx 2
d3y
Third f  dx3
(4) d4y
Fourth f dx 4
 n dny
nth f
dx n
 Example of Higher Derivatives
Given f ( x)  3x5  2 x3  14 find f ( x).

f ( x)  15 x 4  6 x 2

f ( x)  60 x  12 x
3

f ( x)  180 x 2  12
Example of Higher Derivatives
2x 1
Given f ( x)  find f (2).
3x  2

2  3x  2   3  2 x  1 7 2
f ( x)    7  3x  2 
 3x  2   3x  2 
2 2

3 42
f ( x)  14  3x  2   3 
 3x  2  3

42 42 21
f (2)   3 
 3(2)  2 
3
4 32
Implicit Differentiation
y  3 x3  4 x  17

y is expressed explicitly as a function

of x. 3
y  xy  3x  1

y is expressed implicitly as a function

of x.
To differentiate the implicit equation, we write f (x) in
place of y to get:
 f ( x) 3
 x  f ( x)  3x  1
Implicit Differentiation (cont.)
Now differentiate  f ( x)  x  f ( x)  3x  1
3

using the chain rule:

3 f ( x) f ( x)  f ( x)  xf ( x)  3
2

which can be written in the form

3 y 2 y  y  xy  3 subbing in

y 3 y  x  3  y
2
 y
Solve for y’
3 y
y 
3 y2  x
Ex. Two cars leave an intersection at the same time.
One car travels north at 35 mi./hr., the other
travels east at 60 mi./hr. How fast is the
distance between them changing after 2 hours?
Distance = z
y
dx dy
 60  35
dt dt
x  120 y  70 x
From original
relationship
x2  y2  z 2
dx dy dz
2x  2 y  2z
dt dt dt

2(120)(60)  2(70)(35)  2 10 193
dz
dz
dt

 69.5 mi./hr.
dt
 MATRICES
 Introduction

 Background
 Definitions

A matrix is a rectangular arrangement of numbers.For

example,

The horizontal and vertical lines in a matrix are

called rows and columns, respectively. The numbers in the
matrix are called its entries or its elements
 Types of Matrices
 Row Matrix-For example, [6 9], [1 2 3], [a b c d x] are
all row matrices.
 Column Matrix
 Null Matrix
 Square Matrix
 Diagonal Matrix
 Unit or Identity Matrix
 Symmetric Matrix 
 Skew Symmetric Matrix
 Triangular Matrix
 Equal Matrices
Addition and Subtraction of
Matrices
IfA and B be two matrices of the same order,
then their sum A + B and A – B is defined as the
matrix each element of which is the sum and the
difference of the corresponding elements in A
and B respectively
Application of matrix

Matrices and Flash games

 Matrices are useful whenever we need to

transform one geometric shape into something
else
 Multiplication
b11 b12 
 a11 a12 a13     c11 c12 
a   b21 b22    
 21 a22 a23 
b31 b32   c21 c22 

(a11  b11 )  (a12  b21 )  (a13  b31 )  c11

(a11  b12 )  (a12  b22 )  (a13  b32 )  c12
(a21  b11 )  (a22  b21 )  (a23  b31 )  c21
(a21  b12 )  (a22  b22 )  (a23  b32 )  c22

Successive multiplication of row i of A with

column j of B – row by column multiplication
Multiplication of Matrices
 Matrices - Operations
AB not generally equal to BA, BA may not be conformable
1 2
T  
 5 0 
3 4
S 
 0 2 
1 2 3 4  3 8
TS       
5 0 0 2 15 20
3 4 1 2 23 6
ST       
0 2 5 0 10 0
Company makes 3 types of cable. Cable A requires
3 black wires, 3 white wires, and 2 red wires.
Cable B requires 1 black, 2 white, and 1 red. Cable
C requires 2 black, 1 white, and 2 red. If 95 black
wires, 100 white wires, and 80 red wires were used,
then how many of each cable were made?
Here we have a 3x3 system.
Let the cables be A, B, and C.
(i) 3A + 1B + 2C = 95
(ii) 3A + 2B + 1C = 100
(iii) 2A + 1B + 2C = 80
Lets eliminate the B's. Take (ii) - 2*(i) to get
(iv) -3A -3C = -90
now,(iii) - (i) to get
(v) -1A =-15, A=15,
Substituting this in equation (iv),to get
C = 15 ,thus the answer we get is,

A = 15 cables
C = 15 cables
B = 20 cables
 There are 538 electoral votes. The value of x is 110
more than y. The value of y is 145 more than z.
Write an equation involving the variables x, y, and
z, that represents the total number of electoral
votes
You
 are asked to partition 538 into components x, y, and z.
x + y + z = 538,
but we need to find the values of x, y, and z.
The problem states:
x = y +110 or y = x -110
y = z + 145 or z = y -145
Substituting:
(y+110) + y + (y-145) = 538
Collecting like terms:
3y -35 = 538
Adding 35 to both sides:
3y = 573
Dividing both sides by 3:
y = 191
Substituting into our original equations:
x = y + 110 = 191+110= 301
z = y - 145 = 191-145 = 46

Checking we have:
301 + 191 + 46 = 538?
So we can say:
x = 301
y = 191
z = 46
You have to prepare two bouquets out of roses,
carnations and lilies.The number of each of these
flowers is shown in the matrix.

The cost of a rose is $4, cost of a carnation is

$2.5 and that of a lily is $5.
If your friend is willing to split the cost of the
second bouquet evenly with you, use matrix
multiplication to determine how much you'll
have to spend.
Sollution:- Forming the matrix for the price of
flowers:

The matrix for the flowers in your grandparents'

bouquet is:

Multiplying the two matrices:

Therefore, the total cost of the second
bouquet is $67.
Hence, your share is:
4)The percentage of total world production in the year 1990 of wheat, rice, and corn grown by four
countries is given in the matrix below. The total of wheat, rice and corn (in thousands of metric
tons) was 525,764, 462,422 and 496,512.Use matrix multiplication to find out how many metric
tons of the three grains were grown in each of the four countries.

Sollution :-
 Forming the matrix for the world
production of rice, wheat, and corn:

Multiplying the two matrices and

rounding the result to the nearest tenth:
Therefore, the matrix showing the number
of metric tones grown in the four
countries is:
3-9 RAMANDEEP
10-13 KALYANI
14-16 SHRADDHA
17-20 PURNA
21-23 AAFREEN
24-25 KALYANI
26-28 AAFREEN
29-31 SHRADDHA
32-35 PURNA
36-41 RAMANDEEP