Formation Evaluation Lab.: Determine Lithology by Using IP Software

Formation Evaluation Lab.
Determine lithology by using IP

software
Group (2)
Falah salah
Krrar mhommed Supervised by
Eng. Jassim Mohammed
Mohammed jassim
Eng. Mohammed Abdullah
Abbas fadhel
Ghaith Abdulreda Date:
Mahmoud Qasim 18/6/2020
introduction
• identification of a bed’s lithology is fundamental to all reservoir characterization
because the physical and chemical properties of the rock that holds hydrocarbons
and/or water affect the response of every tool used to measure formation
properties. Understanding reservoir lithology is the foundation from which all other
petrophysical calculations are made. To make accurate petrophysical calculations
of porosity, water saturation (Sw), and permeability, the various lithologies of the
reservoir interval must be identified and their implications understood. Lithology
means "the composition or type of rock such as sandstone or limestone." These
few words belie a host of details about reservoir rocks:
• Their depositional and diagenetic history
• Pore structure
• Mineralogy
introduction
The term lithology is used as a gross identification for a rock layer in the subsurface and
uses familiar names such as:
Sandstone (or sand) & Limestone & Dolostone (or dolomite) & Claystone (or clay) & Chert
& Coal & Shale (or mudrock) & Diatomite & Halite & Anhydrite & Gypsum &Tuff
The term rock type is a more detailed description than lithology because it reflects the
natural groupings of pore systems that produce recognizable properties used to predict:
• Flow properties
• Volumes
• Fluid saturations
Lithology focuses on grains, while rock type focuses on pores

Another term used in the literature is the Greek equivalent "petrofacies." (Another term that
is finally dropping from use is the incorrectly named "electrofacies.")
Direct determination
• Obtaining a physical sample of the reservoir is the surest way to unambiguously determine lithology
and rock type, but obtaining this physical sample is not always easy. Mud logs are the first choice in
wildcat wells, but exact assignment of a rock fragment to a particular depth is not without error. The
size of the individual rock sample examined at the surface is rather small because it is limited by the
size of drill cuttings and rock strength. Weak rocks, ones without cement, are often reduced to
original detrital grain size by the drilling process, making it difficult to determine rock type, but still
possible to determine lithology. Once the well is drilled and logged and rock layers are marked for
further study, rock samples can be obtained through the use of wireline core takers or sidewall core
drills.
• Recovery of sidewall samples is not always a sure thing, and we often fail to get rock samples from
zones of interest. In a wildcat well with a zone of high interest identified with logs, rock samples, and
fluid samples, we can plug back the well several hundred feet, set a whipstock, perform a parallel
sidetrack (called a bypass hole), and then take a whole core across the zone of interest. Because the
two holes are parallel, we know exactly at which depth to swap out the drill bit with a core barrel. The
resulting whole core can be sampled, and sophisticated core analysis can be used to identify the rock
type of each zone and determine petrophysical parameters, which are used to refine the formation
evaluation from the log data.
Indirect determination
If no direct rock sample is available in a given zone, log responses must be used alone
to simultaneously determine lithology, porosity, and fluid saturations. Rock typing is much
more involved and requires the use of commercially available catalogs of analog data or
locally collected data to pinpoint petrophysical properties that can be used to refine
porosity and fluid-saturation calculations. If, in a given wellbore, one is lucky enough to
encounter parts of the desired reservoir below the free-water level, then fluid saturation
is known and gross lithology can be determined from routine wireline logs such as
density, neutron, and acoustic tools. All wireline service companies provide charts and
answer products that convert wireline logging data into lithology; however, few beds are
simple homogeneous layers .If some of the layers are beneath the resolving thickness of
the tool, some average response of the layers, depending on bed and borehole
geometry, can be observed. Single layers of salt (NaCl), anhydrite, gypsum, coal, or tuft
are easily identified when several feet thick or thicker; however, salt-plugged sandstone
can mimic gas-filled clean sandstone, or a very shaly rock type can hide the presence of
gas.
Determine lithology
• The occurrence of difficult lithologies can be identified from the following sources:
• Local knowledge of formations in the area
• Cuttings from the well
• Mudlogs of the well
• Conventional core analysis
• Sidewall percussion core analysis
• Sidewall rotary core analysis
• Analysis of log responses
• The methods to determine the occurrence of difficult lithologies from the first six sources just listed
are not covered in this article. (For information on these sources, see
Mudlogging: drill cuttings analysis and Mudlogging: the mudlog; also see Core description.)
• Identifying the occurrence of difficult lithologies from logs can be formidable. Two crossplot
techniques are commonly used to identify the occurrence of mineralogies:
• (1) the M-N crossplot and (2) the MID crossplot.
M-N cross plot
• The M-N cross plot uses the density, compensated
neutron, and compressional sonic logs to identify
binary and ternary mixtures of minerals. The terms M
and N are defined as follows:
• These values are crossplotted in Figure . Binary

mixtures of minerals plot along a line connecting the
two mineral points. Ternary mixtures of minerals plot
in a triangle connecting the three minerals points.
Arrows indicate the effects of gas, salt, sulfur,
secondary porosity, and shaliness.
MID cross plot
• The MID or matrix identification crossplot uses the apparent
volumetric cross section (UMAA) and the apparent matrix grain density
(RHOMAA) to identify minerals. UMAA represents the projection of the
volumetric photoelectric absorption index, U (the product of Pe and
electronic density), to the value at zero porosity. RHOMAA results from
a mathematical projection of the bulk density of an interval to its value
at zero porosity. These projections to zero porosity effectively eliminate
variance due to porosity, resulting in a variance mainly due to lithology.
• This method requires that an estimate of total porosity be determined
first. Typically, this can be done from a density-neutron crossplot (see
Standard interpretation). Using this porosity, an apparent matrix
density is determined from the following equation
MID crossplot
• UMAA can be determined from the chart
in Figure . Start by marking the Pe value on
the photoelectric portion of the horizontal axis
(left side), then go vertically to the bulk density
value. Next, move horizontally to the apparent
total porosity, and then down to the UMAA
value.
• Now you can cross plot the RHOMAA and
UMAA values on the chart in Figure . Binary
mixtures of minerals plot along a line
connecting the two mineral points. Ternary
mixtures of minerals plot in a triangle
connecting the three mineral points. Arrows
indicate the affects of gas, secondary porosity,
salt, barite, and heavy minerals.
Density- neutron cross plot
• This type of crossplot is used for binary mixtures of sandstone and limestone,
limestone and dolomite, dolomite and anhydrite, and sandstone and shale.
Neutron-density
Neutron-density
In this drawing, we notice that there are many points

on the limestone and sandstone line, as well as a few
points on the dolomite line
This means that Lithology is a mixture of limestone and
dolomite
Sonic- neutron cross plot
• Two versions of the sonic-compensated neutron crossplot exist, one that uses the Wyllie
time average equation and the other the Raymer-Hunt-Gardner equation for the sonic
porosity relationship. These are used typically for binary mixtures of sandstone and
limestone or limestone and dolomite. However, the sonic-compensated neutron crossplot is
not particularly useful in fractured or vuggy formations.
Neutron-sonic
Neutron-sonic
In this drawing, we notice that there are many points on the
limestone and dolomite line, as well as a few points on the
sandstone line
This means that lithology is a mixture of these three types of
rock
Density-sonic cross plot
• Two versions of the density-sonic crossplot also exist, one using

the Wyllie time average equation and the other the Raymer-
Hunt-Gardner equation for the sonic porosity relationship.
These are used typically for binary mixtures of sandstone,
limestone, or dolomite with gypsum, trona, salt, or sylvite. This
plot is not particularly useful in fractured or vuggy formations
nor for sandstone and limestone or limestone-dolomite
mixtures.
Sonic-density
In this drawing we notice the presence of many points on the sandstone line.
This means that Lithology is sandstone type
Matrix N-M
Lithology interpretation with neutron, sonic and density is facilitated by use of
M-N plots, which is called ternary porosity model. This cross-plot was
presented by Schlumberger; it is a two-dimensional display of all three porosity
logs responses in complex reservoirs rocks. M and N as expressed by the
following equations, are lithology-dependent parameters but essentially
independent of primary porosity. Therefore, a cross-plot of these two
parameters makes porosity more apparent. The following Figure shows the N-
M plot points for several single mineral formations. This figure indicates the
secondary porosity and gas region in addition to the lithology.
Matrix N-M
The M-N cross-plot is detected by lithology interpretation with neutron, sonic and
density. M and N are lithology-dependent parameters but essentially independent of
primary porosity. Therefore, a cross-plot of these two parameters makes porosity more
apparent. IP software is used to provide the following Figures that represent to the N-
M plot points for several single mineral of Mishrif and Yamamma Formations. These
figures show the distribution of carbonate formation. The secondary porosity, sulfur,
gypsum and gas also can be indicated from this plot.
Matrix N-M
Matrix N-M
We note in this drawing in the above
The majority is far from dolomite, as well as far from anhydrite, quartz,
and sandstone, which means that the majority is in limstone, as well as
there is no gypsm and sulfer and few in secondary porosity.
Likewise, the shale areas have no points, which means that the
formation is almost clean
PHIE- histogram
Timur permeability -histogram
Sw archi - histogram
Vcl GR-histogram
References
 Hensel Jr., W.M. 1982. An Improved Summation-of-Fluids Porosity Technique. Society of
Petroleum Engineers Journal 22 (2): 193-201. SPE-9376-PA. http://
dx.doi.org/10.2118/9376-PA
 Fertl, W.H. 1981. Openhole Crossplot Concepts A Powerful Technique in Well Log Analysis.
J Pet Technol 33 (3): 535-549. SPE-8115-PA. http://dx.doi.org/10.2118/8115-PA
Hynes, N.J. 1991. Dictionary of Petroleum Exploration, Drilling, and Production. Tulsa,
Oklahoma: PennWell.
Poupon, A., W. R. Hoyle, and A. W. Schmidt, A. W., 1971,
Log analysis in formations with complex lithologies: Journal of Petroleum Technology.
Jump up↑ Worthington, P., 1985, The evolution of shaly
-sand concepts in reservoir evaluation: The Log Analyst.
Jump up↑ Patchett, J. G., and D. C. Herrick, 1982, A review of saturation models: SPWLA
Reprint Volume Shaly Sands, SPWLA.

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Formation Evaluation Lab.

Determine lithology by using IP

Lithology focuses on grains, while rock type focuses on pores

• These values are crossplotted in Figure . Binary

In this drawing, we notice that there are many points

• Two versions of the density-sonic crossplot also exist, one using

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