02 Survey Calculations

SURVEY CALCULATIONS
Survey calculations are used to

predict the position of the
wellbore relative to the surface
location
2009 PetroSkills LLC, All Rights Reserved
Survey Calculations
Based on the properties of a
right triangle or the arc of a
circle
RIGHT TRIANGLE
Hypotenuse
90o
Survey Calculations
Properties of a right triangle
RIGHT TRIANGLE
Angle A
Adjacent
Side
Hypotenuse
sin A =
opposite side
hypotenuse
cos A =
adjacent side
hypotenuse
opposite side
tan A =
adjacent side
Opposite Side
3
Survey Calculations
Terminology used in this book
MD
= Measured depth Length of the

wellbore measured by the drill string
TVD = True vertical depth Vertical
component of the measured depth
North = North component of the
horizontal departure
Survey Calculations
East
= East component of the

horizontal displacement
= Delta meaning the difference in

Subscript 1 = The upper survey of two
survey points
Subscript 2 = The lower survey of the
two survey points
I = Inclination from vertical
5
Survey Calculations
A
= Azimuth of the survey (0 to 360

degrees)
r = Radius of curvature
VS = Vertical section
DLS = Dogleg severity
DEP = The departure in the horizontal
plane
Survey Calculations
KB, RT, DF
KOP
Build Section
EOB or EOC
TVD, ft
Common
terminology for
a directional
profile
Tangent or Hold
Drop
Section
Vertical Section, ft
7
POSITIONING
The earth is an oblate spheroid
(a squashed sphere) and maps
are flat, which makes it difficult
to map the earth
Positioning
The earth is
divided into
latitude and
longitude
The
equator is 0
degrees latitude
and poles are 90
degrees
The length of a
degree of latitude
is always the
same
9
Positioning
Meridians
or lines
of longitude run
from pole to pole
The equator is
divided up into 360
degrees
The distance
between meridians
changes depending
upon the latitude
10
Positioning
Calculating the longitude and
latitude of a well on a map can
be complicated
Rectangular grids have been
developed for use in surveying
and mapping
A geodetic datum is a definition
of a model for the surface of the
earth which uses a grid
11
Positioning
The NAD27 or North American
Datum 1927 is the most
commonly used datum for North
America (NAD83 is also used)
ED50 or European Datum 1950 is
the most commonly used datum
in the North Sea
12
Positioning
A map projection is a
mathematical formula which has
been designed to convert the
latitude/longitude method of
positioning to a flat map
With a flat map, wellbores can be
spotted with an X Y coordinate
system (North, East)
13
Positioning
The most commonly used map
projection is the Universal
Transverse Mercator (UTM)
The Lambert map projection is
also common throughout the
world and is the most common
in the USA
14
UTM System
On most maps, the lines of
latitude and longitude are curved
The quadrangles formed by the
intersections of these lines are
of different sizes and shapes,
which complicates the locations
of points and the measurement
of directions
15
UTM System
The UTM system tries to solve
this problem
The world is divided up into 60
equal zones, each 6 degrees
wide
The zones are from 84.5 degrees
North to 80.5 degrees south
Polar regions are covered by
other, special projections
16
UTM System
Each zone has
its own origin at
the intersection
of its central
meridian and the
equator
The zone is
flattened and a
square grid
imposed on it
17
UTM System
The outer edges
for the ellipsoid
are curved
The convergence
is the difference
between grid north
and true north
At the central
meridian, grid
north = true north
18
UTM System
Each of the 60 zones are
numbered starting with one at
the 180th meridian
The areas east and west of the
Greenwich Meridian are covered
by zones 30 and 31, respectively
Zones increase to the east and
decrease to the west
19
UTM System
Points on the earth may be
identified by its zone number, its
distance in meters from the
equator (northing) and its
distance in meters from a northsouth reference line (easting)
20
UTM System
To avoid negative values of
eastings, the central meridian in
any zone is assigned the
arbitrary eastings value of
500,000 m
Along the equator a zone is
about 600,000 m wide, tapering
towards the polar regions
Eastings range in values from
approximately 200,000 to 800,000
21
UTM System
22
UTM System
For points north of the equator,
northings are measured directly
in meters, with a value of zero at
the equator and increasing
toward the north
23
UTM System
To avoid negative numbers in
the Southern Hemisphere, the
equator is assigned a value of
10,000,000 m and displacements
in the south are measured with
decreasing, but positive, values
24
UTM System
25
Mapping
The surface location of a well is
positioned on a map
The surface location of the North and
East Coordinates may use the map
coordinates or they may be set as
zero North and zero East
When mapping directional wells, it is
important to know if the wells were
plotted based on true north or grid
north and what map reference was
used
26
Mapping
27
Survey Calculations
Survey calculations are used to
determine the position of the
wellbore relative to the surface
location or a map coordinate
28
Survey Calculations
Most common survey methods
Tangential
Balanced
Tangential
Average Angle
Radius of Curvature
Minimum Curvature
All of the survey equations are

presented in Table 2-1 (page 2-7)
for easy reference
29
Survey Calculations
Tangential method uses only the
lower survey point and is the least
accurate survey method
I2
30
Survey Calculations
The tangential method assumes
the wellbore course is a straight
line tangent to the lower
inclination or azimuth
Tangential method equations
DTVD = DMD cosI 2
DNorth = DMD sin I 2 cos A2
DEast = DMD sin I 2 sin A2

31
Survey Calculations
The balanced tangential survey
method assumes the wellbore course
is two straight lines with half the
wellbore course tangent to the upper
survey point and the other half to the
lower survey point
32
Survey Calculations
The balance tangential is an
accurate survey method but
seldom used
Balanced tangential equations
DMD
(cos I1 + cos I2 )
DTVD =
2
DMD
[(sin I1 cos A1 ) + (sin I2 cos A2 )]
DNorth =
2
DMD
[(sin I1 sin A1 ) + (sin I2 sin A2 )]
DEast =
2
33
Survey Calculations
The average angle method
assumes the wellbore course is
a straight line tangent to the
average angle
I1 + I 2
34
I1
Survey Calculations
The average angle method is
accurate as long as the surveys are
not too far apart and there is no large
change in azimuth at low inclinations
Average angle equations
I +I
DTVD = DMD cos 1 2
2
I +I
A + A2
DNorth = DMD sin 1 2 cos 1
2
2
I +I
A + A2
DEast = DMD sin 1 2 sin 1
2
2
35
Survey Calculations
Radius of curvature assumes
that the wellbore course is an arc
of a circle
Used for planning but not for
final survey
36
Survey Calculations
Radius of curvature has
problems when inclinations and
azimuths are equal because the
radius of curvature is infinite
Radius of curvature also has
problems when the well walks
past north
37
Survey Calculations
Radius of curvature equations
(
180 )(DMD )(sin I 2 - sin I1 )
DTVD =
p (I 2 - I1 )
2
(
180 ) (DMD )(cos I1 - cos I 2 )(sin A2 - sin A1 )
DNorth =
p 2 (I 2 - I1 )(A2 - A1 )
180 2 (DMD )(cos I1 - cos I 2 )(cos A1 - cos A2 )
DEast =
p 2 (I 2 - I1 )(A2 - A1 )
180(DMD )(cos I1 - cos I 2 )
DDEP =
p (I 2 - I1 )
I 2 - I1
DMD =
Br
38
r =
180
(p )(DLS )
Survey Calculations
Minimum Curvature is the
balanced tangential method but
the straight lines are smoothed
into an arc by a correction factor
39
Survey Calculations
Minimum curvature is suitable
for a computer or programmable
calculator
The inclinations and azimuths
must be changed to radians
before entering them in the
equations
It is the most common survey
method used today
40
Survey Methods
Minimum curvature equations
DMD
DTVD =
(cos I1 + cos I 2 )(FC )
2
DMD
DNorth =
[(sin I 2 cos A2 ) + (sin I1 cos A1 )](FC )
2
DMD
DEast =
[(sin I 2 sin A2 ) + (sin I1 sin A1 )](FC )
2
D1 = cos(I 2 - I1 ) - {sin I 2 sinI1 [1 - cos(A2 - A1 )]}

1
D2 = tan -1 2 - 1
D1
FC =
2
D2
tan
D2
2
41
Note: inclination and azimuth must be

entered in radians
Survey Calculations
Every survey calculation must
start somewhere
The beginning is the tie-in point
The
surface location and the KB or

RT elevation may be the tie-in point
Maybe a gyro was run in the surface
hole prior to starting the directional
drilling, then the tie-in will be the last
survey of the gyro
42
Survey Calculations
The coordinates of the surface
location must also be determined
For
many land wells, the depth will be

zero at the KB, RT or DF
The North and East Coordinates may
be zero and zero
The North and East Coordinates may
also be the map coordinates especially
when drilling from a pad or platform
43
Survey Calculations
Example 2
Tangential Method
At
0 and 1,000 feet the inclination is

0, therefore, the wellbore position is
0 North and 0 East.
A survey at 1,100 feet shows the
inclination to be 3 in the N21.7E
direction (Azimuth = 21.7). Calculate
the position of the wellbore at 1,100
feet.
44
Survey Calculations
DMD = MD2 - MD1
DMD = 1100 - 1000

DMD = 100'
Using
the tangential method,

calculate TVD
DTVD = (DMD )(cosI 2 )

DTVD = (100 )(cos 3 )
DTVD = 99.86'
45
Survey Calculations
Calculate
the true vertical depth
TVD2 = DTVD + TVD1

TVD2 = 99.86 + 1000
TVD2 = 1099.86'
Calculate
North
DNorth = (DMD )(sin I 2 )(cos A2 )

DNorth = (100 )(sin 3 )(cos 21.7 )
DNorth = 4.86'
46
Survey Calculations
Calculate
the North coordinate
North2 = DNorth + North1

North2 = 4.86'+0'
North2 = 4.86'
Calculate
the East
DEast = (DMD )(sin I 2 )(sin A2 )

DEast = (100 )(sin 3 )(sin 21.7 )
DEast = 1.94'
47
Survey Calculations
Calculate
the East coordinate
East 2 = DEast + East1
East 2 = 1.94'+0'
East 2 = 1.94'
The process is repeated until all

the surveys are calculated
48
Survey Calculations
Average Angle Method
Calculate
the position of the wellbore

at 1,400 feet using the average angle
method and the survey data at 1,300
feet in Table 2-6
DMD = MD2 - MD1

DMD = 1,400'-1,300' = 100'
49
Survey Calculations
The
azimuth at 1,400 feet is 20.30
I1 + I 2
DTVD = DMD cos
2
9 + 12
DTVD = 100 cos
= 98.33'
2
TVD2 = DTVD + TVD1
TVD2 = 98.33'+1,298.80' = 1397.13'
50
Survey Calculations
I1 + I 2
A1 + A2
DNorth = DMD sin
cos
2
2
9 + 12
23.3 + 20.3
DNorth = 100 sin
= 16.92'
cos
2
2

North2 = 16.92'+21.57' = 38.49'
I1 + I 2
A1 + A2
DEast = DMD sin
sin
2
2
9 + 12
23.3 + 20.3
sin
DEast = 100 sin
= 6.77'
2
2
51
Survey Calculations
East 2 = 6.77'+9.19' = 15.96'
Radius of Curvature Method

Calculate
the position of the wellbore

at 1,500 feet using the radius of
curvature method and the survey data
at 1,400 feet in Table 2-7
52
Survey Calculations
DMD = MD2 - MD1
DMD = 1,500'-1,400' = 100'
The
azimuth at 1,500 feet is 23.30
(
180 )(DMD )(sin I 2 - sin I1 )
DTVD =
p (I 2 - I1 )
DTVD =
(180 )(100 )(sin15 - sin12) = 97.23'

p (15 - 12)
TVD2 = DTVD + TVD1

TVD2 = 97.23'+1,397.08' = 1494.31'
53
Survey Calculations
2
(
DNorth =
p 2 (I 2 - I1 )(A2 - A1 )
2
(
180 ) (100 )(cos 12 - cos 15)(sin 23.3 - sin 20.3)
DNorth =
= 21.67'
2
p (15 - 12)(23.3 - 20.3 )

North2 = 21.67'+38.47' = 60.14'
54
Survey Calculations
2
(
180 ) (DMD )(cos I1 - cos I 2 )(cos A1 - cos A2 )
DEast =
p 2 (I 2 - I1 )(A2 - A1 )
2
(
180 ) (100 )(cos 12 - cos 15 )(cos 20.3 - cos 23.3 )
DEast =
= 8.67'
2
p (15 - 12)(23.3 - 20.3 )

East 2 = 8.67'+15.95' = 24.62'
55
Survey Calculations
56
Survey Calculations
Results of the survey
calculations in Example 2-2
Method
TVD
North
East
Tangential
4364.40 1565.23 648.40
Balanced Tangential
4370.46 1542.98 639.77
Average Angle
4370.80 1543.28 639.32
Radius of Curvature
4370.69 1543.22 639.30
Minimum Curvature
4370.70 1543.05 639.80
57
Survey Calculations
Relative difference between
survey calculation methods
Method
TVD
North
East
Tangential
-6.30
+22.18
+8.60
Balanced Tangential
-0.24
-0.07
-0.03
Average Angle
+0.10
+0.23
-0.48
Radius of Curvature
-0.01
+0.17
-0.50
Minimum Curvature
+0.00
+0.00
+0.00
58
Survey Methods
Class Problem - Problem #3 on
page 2-31
MD1
= 100
MD2 = 200
I1 = 1o
I2 = 1o
A1 = 0o
A2 = 180o
Calculate the TVD, North and East
coordinate using the average angle
method and the radius of curvature
method (not minimum curvature)
59
Survey Methods
RESULTS
60
Method
TVD
Average Angle
99.98
0.00
1.75
Radius of Curv.
99.98
0.00
1.11
Minimum Curv.
100.00
0.00
0.00
Survey Calculations
I1 + I 2
DTVD = DMD cos
1 + 1
DTVD = (200 - 100 ) cos
= 99.98
2
I +I
A + A2
DNorth = DMD sin 1 2 cos 1
2
2
0 + 180
1 + 1
DNorth = (200 - 100 ) sin
= 0.00
cos
2
2
61
Survey Calculations
I1 + I 2
A1 + A2
DEast = DMD sin
sin
2
2
0 + 180
1 + 1
DEast = (200 - 100 ) sin
= 1.75
sin
2
2
62
Survey Calculations
RADIUS OF CURVATURE METHOD
(
180 )(DMD )(sin I 2 - sin I1 )
DTVD =
p (I 2 - I1 )
(
180 )(200 - 100 )(sin(1.001) - sin(1))
DTVD =
= 99.98
p (1.001 - 1)
2
(
DNorth =
p 2 (I 2 - I1 )(A2 - A1 )
2
(
180 ) (200 - 100 )(cos(1) - cos(1.001))(sin(180 ) - sin(0 ))
DNorth =
= 0.00
2
p (1.001 - 1)(180 - 0 )
63
Survey Calculations
RADIUS OF CURVATURE METHOD
180 2 (DMD )(cos I1 - cos I 2 )(cos A1 - cos A2 )
DEast =
p 2 (I 2 - I1 )(A2 - A1 )
180 2 (200 - 100 )(cos(1) - cos(1.001))(cos(0 ) - cos(180 ))
1.11
DEast =
2
p (1.001 - 1)(180 - 0 )
64
Survey Methods
MINIMUM CURVATURE METHOD
D1 = cos(I 2 - I1 ) - {sin I 2 sin I1 [1 - cos(A2 - A1 )]}
D1 = cos(0.0175 - 0.0175 ) - {sin(0.0175 ) sin(0.0175 ) [1 - cos(3.1416 - 0.000 )]}
D1 = 0.999391
1
D2 = tan -1 2 - 1
D1
D2 = tan
65
-1
(0.999391)2 - 1 = 0.034907
Survey Methods
2
D2
FC =
tan
D2
2
FC =
2
0.034907
tan
= 1.000102
0.034907
2
DMD
DTVD =
(cos I1 + cos I 2 )(FC )
2
200 - 100
DTVD =
(cos(0.0175 ) + cos(0.0175 ))(1.000102 )
2
DTVD = 100.00
66
Survey Methods
DMD
DNorth =
[(sin I 2 cos A2 ) + (sin I1 cos A1 )](FC )
2
200 - 100
DNorth =
[(sin(0.0175 ) cos(3.1416 )) + (sin(0.0175 ) cos(0.000 ))](1.000127 )
2
DNorth = 0.00
DMD
DEast =
[(sin I 2 sin A2 ) + (sin I1 sin A1 )](FC )
2
200 - 100
DEast =
[(sin(0.0175 ) sin(3.1416 )) + (sin(0.0175 ) sin(0.000 ))](1.000127 )
2
DEast = 0.00
67
Survey Methods
RESULTS
68
Method
TVD
Average Angle
99.98
0.00
1.75
Radius of Curv.
99.98
0.00
1.11
Minimum Curv.
100.00
0.00
0.00
Survey Methods
North
Radius of
Curvature 1.11 E
Average
Angle 1.75 E
West
East
Minimum
Curvature 0.00 E
South
69
Survey Calculations
Closure distance and direction is
the North and East coordinate
expressed as polar coordinates
rather than rectangular
coordinates
Closure distance is a2 + b2 = c2
70
Survey Calculations
Closure distance and direction
equations
ClosureDistance =
(North )2 + (East )2
East
ClosureDirection = Tan -1
North
Must subtract the surface

location from the North and East
71
Survey Calculations
Vertical section is the horizontal
length of a projection of the
borehole into a specific vertical
plane and scaled with the
vertical depth
72
Survey Calculations
Vertical section equations
VS = cos ( Azvs - Azcl ) (Closure Distance )
73
Survey Calculations
E
Vertical section
projected into
the North
South and East
West planes
2000
4000
6000
8000
10,000
12,000
-1000
-1000
-3000
-3000
-5000
74
-7000
-5000
Survey Calculations
75
Survey Calculations
76
Much
more
difficult to
do a
vertical
section for
this well
True Vertical Depth (m)
Designer
Well
Final
Wellbore
0
250
500
750
1000
1250
1500
1750
2000
2250
Pilot Hole
Dogleg Severity
Dogleg severity is a measure of
the amount of change in the
inclination and/or azimuth of a
borehole, usually expressed in
degrees per 100 feet or degrees
per 30 meters course length
78
Dogleg Severity
If I1 = 2o, I2 = 4o and MD = 100,
then the dogleg severity would
be
(
4 - 2)
DLS =
= 2 / 100'
100
If I1 = 2 , I2 = 4 and MD = 50,
then the dogleg severity would
be
o
(
4 - 2) 2
DLS =
x = 4 / 100'
50
79
Dogleg Severity
If I1 = 10o, I2 = 10o, A1 = 10o, A2 =
o
20 and MD = 100, what would
the dogleg severity be?
o
1.74 /100
80
Dogleg Severity
Curvature at 90 degrees
Curvature at 10 degrees
81
Dogleg Severity
For a change in azimuth, the
dogleg severity is a function of
the sine of the inclination (A x
sin I)
82
Dogleg Severity
Dogleg severity equations
(English Units)
100
-1
DLS =
Cos {(Sin I 1 Sin I 2 )[(Sin A1 Sin A2 ) + (Cos A1 Cos A2 )] + (Cos I 1 Cos I 2 )}
DMD
(2)(100) Sin -1 (Sin I )(Sin I )Sin A2 - A1

DLS =
1
2
DMD
I - I
+ Sin 2 1
2
In the metric system, replace the

100 with 30
83
Dogleg Severity
To make it a little easier to
understand, the dogleg severity is
approximately equal to the vectorial
sum of the change in inclination and
the change in azimuth
The equation does not work well at
low inclinations
DLS =
84
100
DMD
(I2 - I1 )2 + sin I2 + I1 (A2 - A1 )
Dogleg Severity
DLS
a +b =c
2
(I2 - I1 )
100
DLS =
DMD
(I2 - I1 )
I +I
+ sin 2 1 (A2 - A1 )
2
I +I
sin 2 1 (A2 - A1 )
2
The dogleg severity can be estimated by

the above means
85
Dogleg Severity
Class Problem - Problem #1
page 3-13
Calculate
the dogleg severity for the

following surveys
86
MD1 = 100
MD2 = 200
I1 = 1
I2 = 1
A1 = 0o
A2 = 180o
Dogleg Severity
DLS equations
100
-1
DLS =
cos {(sin I1 sin I 2 )[(sin A1 sin A2 ) + (cos A1 cos A2 )] + (cos I1 cos I 2 )}
DMD
100
-1
DLS =
cos {(sin(1) sin(1))[(sin(0 ) sin(180 )) + (cos(0 ) cos(180 ))] + (cos(1) cos(1))}
200 - 100
DLS = 2.00 / 100'
(2)(100 ) sin-1 (sin I )(sin I )sin A2 - A1

DLS =
1
2
DMD
DLS =
(2)(100 )
(200 - 100 )
I - I
+ sin 2 1
2
2
sin -1
(sin(1))(sin(1))sin 180 - 0 + sin 1 - 1

2
2
DLS = 2.00 / 100'

87
Survey Methods
North
Radius of
Curvature 1.11 E
West
East
Minimum
Curvature 0.00 E
South
88
Dogleg Severity
Problems caused by doglegs
Torque
and drag
Keyseats and casing wear
Fatigue
89
Dogleg Severity
Torque and drag
are caused by
the friction
between the drill
string and the
wall of the hole
Higher tension
and doglegs
result in higher
torque and drag
90
Dogleg Severity
Keyseats and
casing wear are
caused by the
drill string being
rotated in a
dogleg with
higher tension
91
Dogleg Severity
Fatigue is
caused by
rotating the drill
string in a bend
The cyclic
stresses cause
fatigue
92
Dogleg Severity
The endurance
limit is the
amount of
bending stress
that can be
tolerated
without causing
fatigue with no
tension
93
Dogleg Severity
As the amount of tension
increases in a dogleg, the
amount of bending that can be
tolerated before causing fatigue
decreases
94
Dogleg Severity
4.9
50
7.3
Figure 11-9,
page 11-12 of
Chapter 11
100
95
Dogleg Severity
96
Dogleg Severity
The bending stress can be
estimated from Equation 3-4
s = (218 )(D )(DLS )
b
In Example 3-5, calculate the

maximum dogleg severity with
no tension
97
Dogleg Severity
s b = (218 )(D p )(DLS )
(DLS ) =
(DLS ) =
98
sb
( )
(218 ) D p
18000
= 18.3 o / 100 feet
(218 )(4.5)

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SURVEY CALCULATIONS

Survey calculations are used to

2009 PetroSkills LLC, All Rights Reserved

2009 PetroSkills LLC, All Rights Reserved

2009 PetroSkills LLC, All Rights Reserved

= Measured depth Length of the

2009 PetroSkills LLC, All Rights Reserved

= East component of the

= Delta meaning the difference in

2009 PetroSkills LLC, All Rights Reserved

= Azimuth of the survey (0 to 360

2009 PetroSkills LLC, All Rights Reserved

2009 PetroSkills LLC, All Rights Reserved

2009 PetroSkills LLC, All Rights Reserved

2009 PetroSkills LLC, All Rights Reserved

2009 PetroSkills LLC, All Rights Reserved

2009 PetroSkills LLC, All Rights Reserved

2009 PetroSkills LLC, All Rights Reserved

2009 PetroSkills LLC, All Rights Reserved

2009 PetroSkills LLC, All Rights Reserved

2009 PetroSkills LLC, All Rights Reserved

2009 PetroSkills LLC, All Rights Reserved

2009 PetroSkills LLC, All Rights Reserved

2009 PetroSkills LLC, All Rights Reserved

2009 PetroSkills LLC, All Rights Reserved

2009 PetroSkills LLC, All Rights Reserved

2009 PetroSkills LLC, All Rights Reserved

2009 PetroSkills LLC, All Rights Reserved

2009 PetroSkills LLC, All Rights Reserved

2009 PetroSkills LLC, All Rights Reserved

2009 PetroSkills LLC, All Rights Reserved

2009 PetroSkills LLC, All Rights Reserved

2009 PetroSkills LLC, All Rights Reserved

2009 PetroSkills LLC, All Rights Reserved

All of the survey equations are

2009 PetroSkills LLC, All Rights Reserved

2009 PetroSkills LLC, All Rights Reserved

DNorth = DMD sin I 2 cos A2

DEast = DMD sin I 2 sin A2

2009 PetroSkills LLC, All Rights Reserved

2009 PetroSkills LLC, All Rights Reserved

2009 PetroSkills LLC, All Rights Reserved

2009 PetroSkills LLC, All Rights Reserved

2009 PetroSkills LLC, All Rights Reserved

2009 PetroSkills LLC, All Rights Reserved

2009 PetroSkills LLC, All Rights Reserved

2009 PetroSkills LLC, All Rights Reserved

2009 PetroSkills LLC, All Rights Reserved

2009 PetroSkills LLC, All Rights Reserved

D1 = cos(I 2 - I1 ) - {sin I 2 sinI1 [1 - cos(A2 - A1 )]}

Note: inclination and azimuth must be

surface location and the KB or

2009 PetroSkills LLC, All Rights Reserved

many land wells, the depth will be

2009 PetroSkills LLC, All Rights Reserved