NEW CHALLENGES

IN
STEEL DESIGN & CONSTRUCTION

19th APRIL 2017

DURGAPUR STEEL PLANT
• Registered as a Society and is a Not for Profit organisation.

• Promoted by Ministry of Steel and all Major Steel Producers

(SAIL, Tata Steel, RINL, JSW, JSPL and Essar Steel).

• Members include Producers, Builders, Fabricators,

Architects, Consultants and Individuals.

• Promotion of Steel based construction through Education,

Training, Seminars, Publications, Consultancy.
 Working on Cost effective Steel Intensive Design Options
 Revision/Updating of Steel Based Codes & Standards
 Prepare Design Handbook, Manuals & Reports(65+60)
 To Train the Trainers, Students & Professionals (CPD)
 Expert Advisory Service & Increasing Member Base
 Consultancy Service to Demonstrate Concepts
 Networking with Member Organisations
 Marketing Initiatives & Change Mindset
 Skill Development & Rural activities for Steel promotion
 Steel as Blending Material…

 Steel & Concrete - Composite material for columns,

slabs and beams to satisfy versatile requirements.

 Steel & Glass - Material in combination for facades

and interiors

 Steel & FRP – In combination has several applications

 Steel & Aluminium – Roofing, Cladding etc.

 Steel & Rubber – A combination for bearings.

Achievable Design Feats
 Challenging designs should be to easy for fabrication and erection
as well as dismantling. 

 Best practices of designs and constructions shall be adhered to.

 Steel Structures are usually 10-15% costlier than conventional RCC

Structure but saves about 30-40% Construction time.

 Steel is basically used in the skeleton of the Structure as beam and

column.

 Steel framed structures are optimum when designed with gravity

loads only (Dead / Live / Service loads).

 Centrally placed RCC Core withstands Horizontal forces (wind /

seismic).
 Modern Construction Methodology
Composite Floor System

 Serviceability Conditions including the vibration

 Architectural aspects
 Structural strength verifications
 Material and Geometric properties
 Profiled steel sheets are available with embossments
acting as Composite Flooring System
 Modern Construction Methodology
Composite Floor System & Composite Columns
 Steel Sheets may be used as decking material for concrete floors –
sacrificial type (Non-Composite) or embossed type (Composite)

 Steel-Concrete composite deck reduces the thickness of Concrete

slab over it and waives the provision of clear cover, making the
building lighter.

 Lighter Structures attract less tremor from ground acceleration due

to earthquake

 Lighter Structures are Wind sensitive

 Lighter Structure offers cost effective design for the foundation

 In composite structures due to lesser depth of the slab and beam,

the available headroom is more.
 Parallel Flange Rolled Section
Parallel Flange Section MB Section

 Edges of Flanges are

Parallel and not tapered • Edges of Flanges are
tapered
 Thickness remains same
throughout the flanges • Thickness not same
throughout the flanges

H - Depth

B - Flange width

r - fillet radius

t1 - web thickness
 Classification
3 Categories of PF Sections

 Narrow Flange Beams NPB

Wide Flange Beams WPB
 Bearing Pile Sections PBP
• NPB & WPB section
- available in three sub- categories

• Light weight for Beams D <

• Standard weight for Beams D = Nominal depth
• Heavy weight for Beams D >
 Comparison between MB and PF Sections
• MB - Indian Standard Medium Beam sections

• Available with one size in each Beam designation

Ex. MB 100 to MB 600
• PF Section
•Large range of variety
NPB 100x55x8.1 to NPB 750x270x202.48
WPB 100x100x12.24 to WPB 900x300x291.45
PBP 200x43.85 to PBP 400x230.92
•Variety of section type – for each designation more than
one variation available
Ex. NPB 200 3 variation NPB 200x100x18.42
NPB NPB 200 x100x22.36
NPB200 x100x25.09
 More Choices to Design Engineers
• More Choices to Design Engineers
 "Dr.S.Arul Mary" <[email protected]>,

Arul Sam <[email protected]>

Parallel flange section gives higher load carrying Capacity

compared to MB for each effective spans
BM vs. weight of MB and NPB section - Span 6 m Fy 250
Example: To carry above 500 Kn compression Load by a member we require
MB 400(IS808) @ 61.5 Kg/m (551 KN); NPB 200x165x35.7 @ 35.7 kg/m
(548KN) resulting a saving in material by using PF sections.
Nearest WPB section (WPB 180x180x35.5) can take 558 KN load.
• PF sections can reduce the use of built-up sections for BEAMS
• Reduced fabrication work
• Increase the speed of construction
•
• Effect of Imperfection parameter αLT (Cl. 8.2.2, IS : 800-2007 )
• αLT = 0.21 for rolled section
• αLT = 0.49 for welded section

Lesser value of αLT - lesser value of ΦLT for

rolled Parallel Flange section
ΦLT = 0.5 x [1 + αLT (λLT – 0.2) + λLT^2 ]
• Effect of Lesser value of ΦLT and λLT - Larger χLT

• χLT = bending stress reduction factor to account for

lateral torsional buckling 1
 LT  2
 1.0
{LT  (LT  LT )] 0.5

• Larger value of fbd = design bending compressive stress

= χLT fy /γm

• More bending Capacity for PF section over equivalent

built up section for Laterally Unsupported beam
Parallel Flange Section

Advantages in Connection
•Easy Connections

•Taper washers not required

•Butt welding of plate at the

edge of flange is easier
 Parallel Flange Section

Advantages
• Better Sectional Property
• Higher Radius of Gyration in the weaker axis (ry)
• Higher Load carrying Capacity under direct compression
• Higher Section Modulus ( Z)
• Higher Moment of Resistance
 Parallel Flange Section

Advantages to End-User
•Facilitates the long Column free structures

•Substantial Weight saving

•Reduces the use of built-up section

•Minimizes the time, cost of labour in fabrication and

construction

•Overall saving in cost of steel structures

 Parallel Flange Section
Application Areas
Parallel Flange sections can be used optimally at
• Bridges- in combination with reinforced concrete

• Railways station platform roofs

• High Rise Commercial and Residential Buildings

• Industrial Buildings

• Stadiums

• Bus stand and Bus terminals

• Airport Terminals, Hangers

• Car Parks, floor beams and columns to support long spans

RESTELLO, Living Steel Project
in Kolkata B+G+6 Residential
Building
RESTELLO, Living Steel Project
in Kolkata B+G+6 Residential
Building
 2B+G+ 4 storeyed
Building

 PF used = 900 T
Total Steel = 1400 T

 Steel Concrete
Composite Construction
HANDLOOM HOUSE
HANDLOOM HOUSE
at Janpath, New Delhi
at Janpath, New Delhi
for Ministry of Textile
for Ministry of Textile
Parallel Flange Beams and Columns used in the Building of
O P Jindal Global University, Sonepat, Haryana
 Latest Trends of Steel Constructions

Pre-engineered Buildings are a predetermined assembly of Structural

members to form a stable structural system
 Latest Trends of Steel Constructions

 THE FRAME GEOMETRY MATCHES THE SHAPE OF THE BENDING

MOMENT DIAGRAM FOR OPTIMAL DESIGN, THUS MINIMIZING
MATERIAL WASTE AND REDUCING THE TOTAL WEIGHT OF
FRAMES.
 LIGHT WEIGHT CONSTRUCTION

 COST EFFECTIVE

 FAST TRACK CONSTRUCTION

 FINISHED BUILDING AESTHETICALLY PLEASING

 TIGHT TOLERENCES DURING FABRICATION

 TECHNICALLY SUPERIOR
 Latest Trends of Steel Constructions

Castellated Beams

structural product that results from cutting a standard

structural shape longitudinally in a structural product that
results from cutting a standard structural shape longitudinally
in a serrated pattern, offsetting the two pieces, point to point,
and welding them back together again.
errated pattern, offsetting the two pieces, point to point, and
welding them back together again.
Latest Trends of Steel Constructions

Castellated Beams
 Latest Trends of Steel Constructions

USE

 used effectively for lightly serviced buildings or for

aesthetic reasons, where the structure is exposed.
 Composite action does not significantly increase the
resistance of the beams but increases their stiffness
 have limited shear resistance and are best used as long
span secondary beams or where loads are relatively low .
 Their primary use has been as long-span roof beams,
their attractive shape often being expressed architecturally
 Latest Trends of Steel Constructions

MERITS
 Service lines viz HVAC, pipelines, if any can be passed
through the openings thus rendering more clear height
 Their combination of high bending stiffness and strength per
unit weight, with relatively low shear resistance, is ideal for
carrying light loads over long spans
 offer a designer all kinds of opportunities for "cutting to size".
 tapers in depth can quite easily be made
 Latest Trends of Steel Constructions

DEMERITS
TO BE AVOIDED
 when a beam is subjected to substantial concentrated loads

 Or when the castellated beam is used as a continuous beam

across several supports.

 In portals with rigid knee junctions, load concentrations occur

which are relatively unfavourable
 Fire Protection of Steel Structures

Steel doesn't burn !! Loses stability at 550°C

Fire Proofing

Active - water sprays, sprinklers, deluge foam, FRS

Passive – Paints, insulating panels, blankets, concrete etc.

Low to high
 Sustainability Issues

A truly sustainable structure must reduce economic and social impacts. Steel

Constructions offer benefits to all three issues

Sustainability Issues
Sustainability Issues
Sustainability Issues
Sustainability Issues
 Sustainability Issues

  Option 1 Steel Option 2 Concrete

Item Wgt (T) CO2 (T) Wgt (T) CO2 (T)
Steel 740 564 50 38
Fabrication 740 222 50 15
Concrete 2,030 325 6.800 1,088
Rebar 50 45 350 315
Haulage 221 veh 88 665 168
Total 1244 T   1634 T
Note::

1.Study conducted on new building at Oxford, UK byNote:PBA in 2004

2.Option 1 – Steel 1. Study

frame withconducted
composite on
slabnew building at Oxford, UK by PBA in 2004

3.Option 2 – RCC framed with2. concrete

Optionflat
1 –slab
Steel frame with composite slab
4.CO2 emission in Steel option
3.Option
is 24% lower
2 – RCCthanframed
the equivalent concrete
with concrete option.
flat slab
5.Figures do4.not
COinclude environmental
emission impacts
in Steel option associated
is 24% lower with
thanon-site concrete concrete
the equivalent activities which
option.would increase
2
the CO2 emission of concrete option
5.Figures do not include environmental impacts associated with on-site concrete activities which would
6.Source : British Constructional Steelwork Association Limited (BCSA) and Tata Steel Europe Ltd
 STEEL APPLICATION IN INDIA

Cost Comparisons Cost (in Rs)

Items Pre Fabrication Site Fabrication

Raw Materials 50.00 50.00
Fabrication cost 10.00 11.00
Painting 3.00 4.00
Inward Transportation 0.00 2.00
Consumables, electricity, misc etc 3.00 2.00
Sub Total (1) 66.00 69.00
Excise (12.50% on ST 1) 8.30 0.00
Sub Total (2) 74.30 69.00
VAT (6.85% - on ST 2) – Varies 5.10 4.70
Sub Total (3) 79.40 73.7
Outward Transportation 3.00 0.00
Grand Total 82.40 73.70
 Quality of fabrication is far better at fabrication shop under
controlled condition.

 Quality of Painting is also superior at shop than that at site.

 Factor of safety is more for site fabrication – leading more

materials consumption.

 In case of shop fabrication, parallel activities can be

performed at site to reduce overall construction time.
 Source: INSDAG Study

Cost Comparisons

Building Description Cost Advantage (%) Remark

G + 3 with strip 8.22 Storey Height – RCC (3.0
foundations m) and Steel (2.85 m)
G + 3 with Pile 7.03 Storey Height – RCC (3.0
foundations m) and Steel (2.85 m)
G + 6 with Pile 10.70 Storey Height – RCC (3.0
foundations m) and Steel (2.85 m)
B + G + 20 with Pile 8.72 Storey Height – RCC (3.15
foundations m) and Steel (3.00 m)
3B + G + 40 with Pile 25.97 Storey Height – RCC
foundations (3.5m) and Steel (3.2 m)

Base of Comparison : Conventional RCC construction with brick walls with Steel –

Concrete Composite construction with brick walls

 Cost Comparisons

P22 Storeyed ( 1.2 mn. Sq. ft) Commercial Building, Bangalore

Cost of RCC Construction (in Rs Crores) Total

Construction costs with all materials 133.0 183.0
Rental Costs (incurred due to delayed completion) 39.0
Weather Impacts 3.0
Net Carpet Area (due to internal columns) 8.0

Cost of Steel Construction (in Rs Crores)

Construction costs with all materials, civil 151.0 151.0
foundations, Miscellaneous

Steel construction is 17.5 % lower than RCC

construction
Project commissioned by : JSSL, Mumbai

Data compiled by : JSSL, Mumbai

Few Steel Buildings & structures

TURBHE RAILWAY STATION, NAVI MUMBAI

THE ICICI REGIONAL HEADQUARTERS,

Hyderabad
SUNSHINE TOWER, Mumbai
 SUNSHINE TOWERS, MUMBAI

OFFICE BUILDING

COMPOSITE CONSTRUCTION

HEIGHT (APPROX) 165 MTS

SQUARE COLUMNS ALONG

PERIPHERY – 500mm x 500mm

SPECIALLY IMPORTED FROM

 Some Innovative Applications

STEEL IN RETROFITTING OF HERITAGE

BUILDINGS AT BBD BAG, KOLKATA

•EMERGENCY FIRE EXIT – STEEL IN STAIRCASE
STEEL IN PUJA PANDALS
FOOD GRAIN SILOS
 Benefits of Steel structures
 Composite Floor system & Composite Column
 Parallel Flange sections
 Pre-Engineered Buildings
 Castellated Sections
 Fire protection
 Sustainability Issues
 Prefab vs Pre-engineered
 Cost Comparisons
 Steel Applications
60
NIBEDITA DEY
[email protected]/[email protected]

Institute for Steel Development & Growth

Ispat Pragati Bhawan

793, Anadapur

Kolkata-700 107