ETE423 EEE423 - Lecture 2 - Stroger Switch

ETE/EEE 423
Principles of Telecommunication
Networks
Dr. Arshad M. Chowdhury

Associate Professor
Dept. of Electrical and Computer Engineering
North South University
Classification of Switching System
Switching System
Manual Automatic
Electromechanical Electronic
(Stored program control – SPC)
Strowger Crossbar
(Step-by-Step)
Disadvantage of Manually Controlled Exchange-
•Subscriber need to communicate with operator for call setup

•Language barrier issues : In multilingual areas (big towns, cities and tourist
spots). This language dependency poses severe problems.
•Privacy issues
•Slow process as human intervention in each step: Before setting a path
between two subscriber, the operator has to monitor various signalling and if the
operator is not active, the delay in switching will be high normally it takes minutes
to setup a call or release a call
•Variable setup/release time over the day
•Limited service. An exchange can provide service only to minimum number of
subscriber. If the subscriber rate increases, overload and thus congestion are not
unexpected. To avoid congestion, more handware should be duplicated and more
human operator is necessary. These all will results in large overhead for the
exchange
Automatic Switching
 The Strowger switch was fundamental to
switching for decades
• Banks of relays and switches occupying large buildings reaching from

floor to ceiling
• Technology improved from step-by-step system (10,000 users) to
panel system (30,000 users), both mechanical and high maintenance
 Electronic switching systems

• Minimum of 100,000 lines, low maintenance
• Stored program control switching allows revenue-enhancing
programmable services
Strowger (Step-by-step ) Switching
First automatic Switching System – 1889 developed by Almon B Strowger

Functionally: Step by Step switching for connection establishment
No human interaction or language barrier
Greater degree of privacy
Faster connection setup and release
Deterministic connection establish and release time throughout the day
Rotary dial telephone
• Required formal numbering/ addressing plan to identify the
subscriber
• Two method of dialing (transmit the identity)
– Pulse dialing (1895)
– Frequency dialing (developed 1950, introduced 1964)
• Pulse Signaling tones

Dial tone
Ringing tone
Busy tone
Routing (call-in-progress) tone
Strowger Phone
Pulse Dialling
0.67 T
make
Inter-digit gap
break
T
0.33 T Digit 2
Digit 3
Number of pulse in a train represents the digit value (1-9)

Digit ‘0’ (Zero) represents by 10 pulses
Pulse rate: 10 pulse/sec with 10% tolerance

Inter-digit gap: 200ms (some system 400-500ms)
Pulse duty ration: 33%
Signaling Functions
Five Subscriber related signaling functions:
 Dial Tone: Respond to the calling subscriber to obtain the

identification of the called party
Call in progress Tone: Inform the calling subscriber that the call is
being established
 Ring Tone: Ring the bell to the called party
 Busy Tone: Information the calling subscriber if called party is

busy
Number Unobtainable Tone: Inform the calling subscriber if the

called party line is unobtainable for some reason
Signaling Tones in Automatic Exchanges
Dial Tone: 33 or 50 or 400 Hz continuous

0.4S 0.4S
0.2S 2S
Ringing Tone: 133 or 400 Hz
0.75S 0.75S
Busy Tone: 400 Hz
2.5S
0.5S 0.5S
Call in Progress Tone: 400 or 800 Hz
Number unatianableTone: 400 Hz Continuous

Basic elements of Strowger switching System
From To called
calling subscriber
subscriber Switching Network
Part
Selector hunters or
Group Selector
Line Finders
Stage Final Selector
(find first selector from
(First, Second,..)
switching matrix)
Line Equipment part Connector part
 Types of Selectors: Uniselector, Two-motion selector
Wiper contacts of the selectors directly move in response to dial pulses
 Step by Step Switching: The Wiper steps forward one contact at a time
with dial pulses received
Strowger Switch Detail
Strowger Switch
Uniselector
10 contact uniselector graded uniselectors
 Uniselector has a single rotary switch with a bank of contacts.

 The contact arm (wiper) moves across a fixed set of switch contacts performed by a
drive mechanism of a rotary switch
 Several uniselectors can be graded together so that multiple incoming circuits can be
connected to multiple outgoing circuits
Two Motion Selector
A set of wipers moved in two different planes by means of separate mechanisms.

By mounting several arcs of outlets on top of each other, the number of outlets can be
increased significantly
The wipers move both horizontally to select a bank and then vertically to move around
that bank to the required outlet.
Two rotary switches- One for the vertical movement of the wiper and another for
horizontal movement of the wiper
The lowest vertical position and first horizontal position in each vertical level are home
position
Step-by-step switching
Preselector
The strowger switching system consists of subscriber’s line circuit, line finder &
alloter circuit, Group selector and final selector
Subscriber line circuit (SLC): A pair of wire connection between subscriber and
local exchange. Carries the voice in both directions and the ring current . When
the subscriber lifts his handset, current starts to flow on the line and is detected
by the SLC. Every subscriber line terminates into its own SLC.
If there are 1000 subscriber on that exchange, then there are 1000 SLCs.
Remaining switching circuits are shared by all the subscribers.
Line Finder & Alloter: Find a free selector among limited number of selector
and connect the calling subscriber to that free selector. Alloter switch is used for
connecting calling subscriber and selector line. Two access methods:
selector hunter based access
line finder based access
Selector Hunter based Access
S SH1 FS1
u
b FSn
s First
SH2 Selectors
c
r
i
b
e SHm
r
s
When subscriber lifts handset –
 Interrupter mechanism starts and wiper steps until a free group selector is found
 Once first free selector is sensed, the interrupter is disabled and the first selector is
marked ‘BUSY’
 The first selector sends dial tone to the subscriber then ready to receive dialled
pulses from the calling subscriber.
Thereafter, the first selector provides only electrical paths between calling subscriber
and group selector.
Line Finder based Access
Start circuit
Line relay
Allotter switch
S1
FS1
LF1
Sn
S1
LF2 FS2
Sn
S1
FSm
LFm
Sn
 Off-hook signal is sensed by all the line finder

 Interrupt of the finder whose associated First selectors are free gets activated,
 Line finder wiper steps until it reaches the contact to the subscriber
 Dial tone is send and ready to receive the dial pulses
Group Selector
• Group Selector: Depends on the subscriber number, the group selector may comprise one or two selectors,
generally referred as first and second selectors. For 3 digit number, only one selector is required. For a 4 digit number,
two selectors are required.
• Final selector: The final selector takes care of the last two digits. If the called subscriber line is free, then, the path
setup is completed. Otherwise a busy signal is returned to the caller. The final selector acts as an
• expander, to connect the heavily loaded trunks to the much larger number of lightly loaded
• customer lines.
1st selector 2nd selector
Final selector
Group selector
• As the path setup between calling and called subscriber is in
response to the digits dialed, the system is called the step by step
system.
• It is also referred as a direct controlled switching system because
each switching stage will be under direct control of the originating
telephone’s dial.
• As the Strowger system provides dedicated path for the subscribers
during conversation, it may be referred to as space division
technology

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ETE/EEE 423

Dr. Arshad M. Chowdhury

•Subscriber need to communicate with operator for call setup

• Banks of relays and switches occupying large buildings reaching from

 Electronic switching systems

First automatic Switching System – 1889 developed by Almon B Strowger

• Pulse Signaling tones

Number of pulse in a train represents the digit value (1-9)

Pulse rate: 10 pulse/sec with 10% tolerance

Five Subscriber related signaling functions:

 Dial Tone: Respond to the calling subscriber to obtain the

 Ring Tone: Ring the bell to the called party

 Busy Tone: Information the calling subscriber if called party is

Number Unobtainable Tone: Inform the calling subscriber if the

Dial Tone: 33 or 50 or 400 Hz continuous

Busy Tone: 400 Hz

Call in Progress Tone: 400 or 800 Hz

Number unatianableTone: 400 Hz Continuous

 Types of Selectors: Uniselector, Two-motion selector

Wiper contacts of the selectors directly move in response to dial pulses

10 contact uniselector graded uniselectors

 Uniselector has a single rotary switch with a bank of contacts.

A set of wipers moved in two different planes by means of separate mechanisms.

 Off-hook signal is sensed by all the line finder

1st selector 2nd selector

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