Technology Infrastructure - Notes From Chapter 2

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Chapter 2

Technology Infrastructure:
The Internet and the World
Wide Web
Infrastructure for Electronic
Commerce
 What is the Internet?
 Internet – Intranet - Extranet
 Web-based Client/server Computing
 Getting Connected
What is the Internet?
 Internet is a collection of computer networks
 All computers on the Internet must use same
network & transport protocols TCP/IP
Who runs the Internet

 No one runs the internet


 Volunteer organizations suggest changes or
handle administration
 Internet Society

 Internet Assigned Number Authority

 Internet Research Task Force

 Network Information Centers

 Internet Architecture Board


 No single owner
 Backbone is maintained by a few
telecommunication companies
 Everyone maintains their piece of the
network - whether a university,
business, or a single user at home
 When you get connected the Internet
grows by one
 Failure of one network will not halt
Internet traffic
Packet-Switched Networks
 A local area network (LAN) is a network of computers close
together.

 A wide area network (WAN) is a network of computers


connected over a great distance.

 Circuit switching is used in telephone communication.

 The Internet uses packet switching


• Files are broken down into small pieces (called packets)

that are labeled with their origin, sequence, and


destination addresses.
Routing Packets

 ‘routers’.

 ‘routing algorithms’
 When packets leave a network to travel on the
Internet, they are translated into a standard format
by the router.

 Routers and the telecommunication lines connecting


them are referred to as ‘the Internet backbone’.
Routing Packets
The TCP/IP Protocol
 The Transmission Control Protocol (TCP) and the
Internet Protocol (IP) are the two protocols that
support the Internet operation.
 TCP controls the assembly of a message into smaller
packets before it is transmitted over the Internet.
 The IP protocol includes rules for routing individual
data packets from their source to their destination.
IP Address
 Internet addresses are based on a 32-bit
number called an IP address.
 IP addresses appear as a series of up to four
separate numbers delineated by a period.
 An address such as 126.204.89.56 uniquely
identifies a computer connected to the
Internet.
Domain Names
 To make the numbering system easier to use, an
alternative addressing method that uses words was
created.

 An address, such as www.course.com, is called a domain


name.

 The last part of a domain name (i.e., ‘.com’) is the most


general identifier in the name and is called a ‘top-level
domain’ (TLD).
Top-level Domain Names
Internet Services Protocols

 The Internet provides a variety of services


to users known as ‘application services’.

 Application services include Web page


delivery, network management tools,
remote login, file transmission, electronic
mail, and directory services.
Internet Applications

Electronic Mail

Telnet

FTP
SMTP, POP, and IMAP
 E-mail is sent across the Internet is managed
and stored by mail servers.
 Simple Mail Transfer Protocol (SMTP) is the
standard for e-mail client program.
 Post Office Protocol (POP) is the standard for
e-mail server program.
 The Interactive Mail Access Protocol (IMAP) is
a newer e-mail protocol.
How Does The Internet
Work?
Server
(business)
Website
Server Hardware
Client Routers
Backbone
Routers
(customer) Link (ISP, LAN)
Connections (Modem, ISDN, etc.)
TCP/IP
Client Hardware
Browser

Internet Infrastructure
Web-based Client/server
Computing
 The client is the Web browser, or Web browser and
computer, that requests Web pages and services from a
server.

 The server is the Web server software, or Web server and


software and computer, that fills client requests for Web
pages and services.

Server
Client/Server Architecture
URL
Database Query
Server
Client Requests&&Parameters
Parameters
Requests

TCP/IP
HTTP

Response&&Results
Response Results

Disks for
Storage
Web Clients and Web Servers
Two-Tier Client-Server
Architecture
Three-Tier and N-Tier Client-
Server Architectures
Internet – Intranet - Extranet
 The Internet is a network of networks composed of
thousands of LANs and WANs.

 An intranet is a private Internet owned by a company.

 An extranet is an extended intranet, providing for


external access.

 A firewall is a device, or set of devices, designed to


protect a company's intranet from the Internet.
Intranets
 An intranet is a Web-based private network that
hosts Internet applications on a LAN.
 Intranets are an extremely popular and low-cost way
to distribute corporate information.
 The intranet infrastructure includes a TCP/IP
network, Web authoring software, Web server
hardware and software, Web clients, and a firewall
server.
Intranets and Extranets
Connectivity Overview

 The most common connection options that ISPs


offer to the Internet are telephone, broadband,
leased-line, and wireless.

 Bandwidth is the amount of data that can travel


through a communication line per unit of time.

 Bandwidth can differ for data traveling to or from


the ISP.
Voice-Grade Telephone
Connections
 The most common way to connect to an ISP is
through a modem connected to your local
telephone service provider.

 POTS uses existing telephone lines and an analog


modem to provide a bandwidth of 28-56 Kbps.

 ISDN uses the DSL protocol suite to offer


bandwidths between 128-256 Kbps.
Broadband Connections

 Connections that operate at speeds of greater than 200


Kbps are called broadband services.

 ADSL uses the DSL protocol to provide bandwidths between


100-640 Kbps upstream and 1.5-9 Mbps downstream.

 Cable modems provide transmission speeds between 300


Kbps-1 Mbps from the client to the server and a
downstream rate as high as 10 Mbps.

 Satellite microwave transmissions handle internet


downloads at speeds around 500 Kbps.
Leased-Line Connections

 Large firms can connect to an ISP using higher-


bandwidth connections that they can lease from
telecommunications carriers.

 A ‘T1’ line operates at 1.544 Mbps and a ‘T3’ line


operates at 44.736 Mbps.
Wireless Connections

 Many researchers and business managers see


great potential for wireless networks and the
devices connected to them.

 The term m-commerce (mobile commerce) is


used to describe the kinds of resources people
might want to access using devices that have
wireless connections.
Getting Connected

1. Decide Business Objective (class #4)


2. Research Connection Options
3. Find an Internet Service Provider (ISP)
4. Contract for Internet Connection
5. Buy Hardware & Software
6. Obtain Domain Name
7. Turn on the Switch
Research Connection Options
 Dialup options
 Modem
 ISDN
 Dedicated Connection Options
 Frame Relay
 T1
 T3
Find an Internet Service
Provider (ISP)
 ISP
ISP –– isis the
the company
company that
that you
you will
will contract
contract
with
with for
for Internet
Internet connectivity
connectivity

 Basically two
Basically two types
types
Commercial online
 Commercial online services
services
ie AOL,
ie AOL, MSN
MSN
Everyone else
 Everyone else
Case study
 Case study 6-2
6-2 the
the list
list
 List of ISPs: thelist.internet.com
Buy Hardware & Software

 Hardware
Hardware
 Depending on level of internet
 Depending on level of internet
use
use
 Modem, computer, server
 Modem, computer, server
foreach
for eachservice,
service,router,
router,
gateway,CSU/DSUbox
gateway,CSU/DSU box

 Software
Software
 Client software for each
 Client software for each
internettool
internet tool
 Server software for each
 Server software for each
internettool
internet tool
 Security, transaction software
 Security, transaction software
Obtain Domain Name
 Domain Name – your identity on the internet--
for the internet it is how the info gets routed.
( easier than IP #)
.ca Canada
.com Commercial users
.net Network providers
Domain Type
Domain Type
.edu education
.org organization
.gov U.S. gov.
.mil U.S. military
.jp Japan
How to get a Domain Name
 Case study 6-3
http://www.networksolutions.com
Internet Address:
Domain Name System - WWW
http://www.amazon.com/buy/order.htm

WWW Folder or
Language Directory File or
(protocol) Document
What Classification?
Name of com - commercial
Computer Server edu - educational
gov - gevernment

Registered Domain Name (Name of Organization)


Internet Address
Internet service providers or a hosting service may
obtain the domain for you for a fee, but…
iftheir name is listed as administrative contact with
InterNIC, you may have trouble switching your
domain name to a new service
Make sure your name is listed as the administrative
contact with InterNIC
Determine who “owns” yours:
rs.internic.net/cgi-bin/whois
Turn on the Switch

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