Republic of the Philippines

SOUTHERN LEYTE STATE UNIVERSITY

Sogod, Southern Leyte, Philippines
-o0o-

Unit IX – NEGATIVE GLOBAL

FLOWS AND PROCESSES
GE-SS: The Contemporary World

SHEFFERD BIB S. BERNALES, Ph.D.

Head, University FOI Services
[email protected]
DANGEROUS IMPORTS
• The flow of all sorts of products from every
corner of the world has made it near impossible
to know precisely the true nature of the
products entering a country.
• Globalization has led to an increase not only in
imports of all kinds, but of imports that are
dangerous to a nation and its citizens.
• TOYS
• In mid-2007 another scandal erupted over the
massive number of toys made in China and
exported to the US. Among others, there were
toy trains coated with lead paint that could
damage the brain cells of children, fake
eyeballs filled with kerosene, and wrist rattles
for infants that constituted a choking hazard.
DANGEROUS IMPORTS
• CHEMICALS
• A wide range of chemicals flow from Chinese
manufacturers that are neither certified nor inspected. A
large number of Chinese companies manufacture
chemicals as raw materials that end up in many
pharmaceuticals. There have been various scandals
associated with them including unauthorized production
(counterfeiting), mislabeling, patent violations, selling to
illegal steroid laboratories in the US, selling substandard
materials, and selling mislabeled pharmaceuticals that
proved poisonous and killed and injured hundreds of
people in Haiti and Panama.
• HEPARIN
• Heparin is a very important drug, a blood thinner, used
for such medical procedures as cardiovascular surgery
and dialysis. Its active ingredient ("crude heparin") is
largely derived from the cooked mucous membranes of
pig intestines. Much of the world's supply of crude
Heparin comes from China, but in late 2007 and early
DANGEROUS IMPORTS
• HEPARIN
• While such settings may be the source of the
contamination of Heparin, there are other possibilities
(e.g., disease has swept through the pig population in
China), as well as other points in the long supply chain
that ends with the drug being used in hospitals
throughout the world.
• FISH
• About 4.5 million Chinese work as fish farmers. China is
a leading exporter of seafood.
• China has huge factory-like aquaculture farms that make
it the world's biggest producer of farmed fish (overall it
produces 70% of the world's farmed fish). Water
contaminated by industrial waste and agricultural runoff
(including pesticides) finds its way into these bodies of
water and contaminates the seafood with pesticides,
drugs, lead, heavy metals, and so on. Furthermore, in
order to keep the fish alive in the huge breeding pools
needed to supply gigantic fish farms, the fish are
BORDERLESS DISEASES
• While borderless diseases have become much more
common in recent years, they are not a new
phenomenon. Diseases such as the plague, malaria,
tuberculosis (TB), and sexually transmitted infections
(STIs) of various types have long spread globally.
• HIV/AIDS
• HIV/AIDS spreads in various ways (e.g. blood
transfusions), but it is its spread through sexual
human contact (as an STI). The globalization of the
disease is a result of the increasingly heightened
flow, movement, of people throughout much of the
world.
• The spread of AIDS is closely linked with
globalization, especially the increased global
mobility associated with tourism (including, and
perhaps especially, sex tourism), the greater
migration rates of workers, increased legal and
illegal immigration, much greater rates of
BORDERLESS DISEASES
• HIV/AIDS
• People who have the disease can travel great
distances over a period of years without knowing they
have it and therefore have the ability to transmit the
disease to many others in a number of widely
scattered locales. Thus, when those with HIV/AIDS
have unprotected sexual contact with people in other
countries, they are likely to transmit the disease to at
least some of them. Similarly, those without the
disease can travel to nations where HIV/AIDS is
prevalent, contract it, and then bring it back to their
home country. In either case, the disease moves from
region to region, country to country, and ultimately
globally, carried by human vectors.
• In fact, no area of the world has been more
devastated by AIDS than Africa, with some nations
having infection rates approaching 50 percent of the
adult population.
BORDERLESS DISEASES
• FLU
• For over a decade (beginning in the late 1990s), there
was fear of a pandemic of "avian flu" (H5N1) that,
because of globalization, could perhaps spread faster
and affect (and kill) more people and more parts of
the world than the Spanish flu pandemic of 1918.
• Ironically, a different strain of the disease, "swine flu"
(H1N1), emerged in Mexico in late March 2009 and it
quickly proved to be far more infectious than avian
flu.
• Avian flu has not been, and may never be,
transmissible from human to human, but swine flu
quickly demonstrated that it was being transmitted in
that way.
• That danger is greatly enhanced by the fact that we
live in the global age. Many people travel great
distances very quickly and this gives them the ability
to spread the flu throughout the world in a relatively
BORDERLESS DISEASES
• SARS
• An outbreak of SARS occurred in 2003 when the virus
spread - largely via airline passengers - from
mainland China to Hong Kong and from there to
Singapore and Canada. While the outbreak had only a
limited effect, it demonstrated that globalization
contributes to the spread of such diseases.
• EBOLA VIRUS
• Ebola Haemorrhagic Fever is a viral disease that was
first identified in Sudan and Zaire (now the Congo) in
1976.
• The disease is highly virulent killing between 50
percent and 90 percent of those who contract it. It is
not spread by casual contact, but rather through
direct contact with the blood, body fluids, and tissues
of those infected with the disease. It can also occur
through the handling of chimpanzees with the
disease or that have died from it.
CRIME
• The magnitude and volume of cross-border crime has
increased with globalization. Correspondingly, global
attention to this flow has also increased. Cross-border crime
involves flows of drugs, money, victims, perpetrators, as
well as illegal commodities, through physical as well as
virtual (Internet-based) channels. The decline in the
regulatory powers of the nation-state translates into an
increasing inability to check such flows.
• However, the adoption of the latest technologies, as well as
sophisticated organizational methods based on legitimate
businesses models, is helping to improve the ability to deal
with global crime.
• Despite its decline, the nation-state retains the power to
define global forms of deviance and crime. In the era of
globalization, the nation-states of Western Europe and the
US disseminated their sense of morality and norms of
behavior to the rest of the world.
• The growth of global crime has led to a selective tightening
of border controls in the US and Europe. However, more
CORRUPTION
• Corruption is defined as the "misuse of public office for private
gain", or, more generally, any "abuse of entrusted power for
private gain.“
• It can also be a global form of crime when those from one part of
the world seek to corrupt, for example by bribes, those, especially
political figures, in other parts of the world.
• Globalization can be seen as leading to a decline in corruption for
a number of other reasons.
• First, it is assumed that states will try to clean up their internal
affairs in order to attract more international business and
investment.
• Second, it is likely that firms will not be able to afford the
added costs of corruption because of greater global
competition.
• Third, politicians will find it more difficult to be corrupt if bids
for public procurement are open to foreign firms.
• Fourth, corruption will decline because of the existence of
moral pressure from various NGOs that crusade against
corruption on the basis of the belief that it is bad for
democratic values, economic development, and business in
general.
CORRUPTION
• However, globalization does not seem to have led to a
decline in corruption, but in fact it creates both new means
and incentives for corruption.
• First, increased global competition over exports leads to
the increased need to use bribery as a business tool in
order to beat out rivals.
• Second, politicians can gain much more economically
from corruption because of the increased involvement of
foreign firms and their eagerness to gain new business.
• Third, international organizations lack enforcement
powers and some have no rules whatsoever on
corruption.
• Finally, anti-corruption norms are often circumscribed by
nation-states' economic and geo-political interests and by
the fact that many of the world's growing economic
powers do not share those norms.
• However, in reality, corruption continues because risks are
low, penalties are light, oversight is really quite minimal, and
competing nation-states disadvantaged by corrupt practices
TERRORISM
• Objectively, terrorism can be defined as actions that
cause "deaths, serious bodily injuries, and serious
damage to public or private property, places, facilities,
or other systems" and are aimed at intimidating
citizens, governments, or international organizations.
• However, terrorism tends to be an idea that those in
power seek to impose on those who are not in power. A
key distinction is between stateless and state-sponsored
terrorism. Both forms involve violence against non-
military targets and citizens, but the former involves
stateless organizations (such as al-Qaeda) while the
latter is undertaken by the state.
• Terrorist activities are expanding in terms of their global
aspirations and reach. Terrorist groups are no longer
restricted to their home territory and can strike
anywhere in the world. They also have access to
sophisticated technology that enables them to transmit
their messages to a global audience. As a result, the
WAR
• Warfare is increasingly influenced by globalization.
Global interconnectedness implies that a war in a region
is no longer an isolated phenomenon and will involve
other regions, often quite distant, directly or indirectly.
• In fact, this interconnectedness is interpreted by some
as an indication that the incidence of war might decline
with globalization. However, the economic gains of war
and easy access to weapons in the global era might
actually lead to an increase in warfare.
• We are moving from a world dominated by heavy
"industrial war" (e.g. that was waged during WW II) to
one that is best seen as light "information war."
• Further, advanced technologies make a new form of
warfare, information war, possible. This involves
information permeating all aspects of war. There is also
an increasing profusion of global sources of information
on war, particularly through the Internet.
• Information War: Information and information
The Impact of Negative Global
Flows on Individuals
• Individual implications of the various insecurities
iterated by the United Nations Development Report:
1. Financial Volatility and Economic Insecurity,
2. Job and Income Insecurity,
3. Health Insecurity,
4. Cultural Insecurity,
5. Personal Insecurity,
6. Environmental Insecurity, and
7. Political and Community Insecurity
• One recent book has gone so far as to argue that
globalization is toxic to individuals and their emotional
lives. The authors see a variety of personal problems
resulting from globalization such as hyper-individualism,
privatization, and the decreasing solidity and durability
of personal identity (although they recognize that
globalization also brings with it the possibility of more
open and flexible selves).
• Overall, they conclude that people are being
End of Lecture