Cardiovascular Physiology 3: BIOE 3340

BIOE 3340
Cardiovascular Physiology 3
3/2/20 M
Where are we now in understanding
basic concepts of human physiology?
Nervous system, cardiovascular (anatomy/physiology of

heart and cardiac muscle, excitation-contraction
coupling, pacemaking, autonomic input,
sympathetic/parasympathetic mechanism, conduction
system, blood pressure dynamics)
Cardiovascular System
Respiratory System
Control of Blood Pressure Role of Blood Pressure Capillaries Blood/Plasma/Cell
Learning Objectives
• To understand how blood pressure is homeostatically

regulated
• To understand how blood pressure plays a role in

fluid exchange in capillaries/tissues
Control of Blood Pressure
4
Hypothalamus controls thirst

Posterior pituitary regulates water retention by kidneys
5
Cardiac Output is under autonomic control

6
Arterioles (and veins) under Sympathetic control via smooth muscle
7
Vessel Diameter and Resistance
• Poiseuille’s Law
Resistance  L/r4
• tube length, L (a constant in the body)

• fluid viscosity,  (roughly constant)
• tube radius, r (variable)
8
Resistance  1/r4
9
Resistance  1/r4
• Resistance is steeply dependent on radius

Radius Resistance Flow Rate
1 1x 1x
2 1/16x 16x
Small changes in vessel diameter = large changes in resistance
10
Arteriole Smooth Muscles
Artery
Artery Vein
Vein
Arteriole
Arteriole Venule
Venule
(smooth muscle)
(smooth muscle)
Capillary
Capillary
Precapillary
Precapillary
Sphincters
Sphincters
11
Sympathetic System Controls most

Arteriole Smooth Muscle
synaptic release of norepinephrine
Arteriole
Arteriole
aa11-adrenergic
-adrenergic
receptor
receptor
activity increase activity decrease
vasoconstriction vasodilation 12
Circulating Epinephrine Modulates

Certain Blood Vessels
circulating
norepinephrine epinephrine
vasoconstriction/dilation vasodilation
a11-adrenergic b22-adrenergic
most arterioles/veins arterioles in

heart
liver
skeletal muscle
13
Orthostatic Hypotension
• Simply standing up is a stressor

• About 750mL of blood pools in lower extremities
• Reduces venous return to right atrium
• Reduces blood flow to brain via decrease in BP
14
Baroreceptive Reflex
Drop in pressure stimulates

Baroreceptors - Stretch sensitive
mechanoreceptors in carotid
arteries and aortic arch
Brain feeds back appropriate

sympathetic and para-
sympathetic activity
Increase in pressure from

1) ↑Blood vessel resistance
2) ↑ Cardiac Output
15
Hypertension
• Elevated Mean Arterial Pressure

• systolic 140mmHg/diastolic 90mmHg
• 1-adrenergic receptor blockers (atenolol)

• sympathetic antagonists
• decreases cardiac output
• Ca2+ channel blockers (verapamil)

• inhibits smooth muscle contraction in blood vessels
• decreases peripheral resistance
16
Role of Blood Pressure
Material Exchange in Capillaries

• Flow rate is lowest in capillaries with their small
diameter
• pressure is relatively low
• cross sectional area of all capillaries is large
Fast?
17
Material Exchange in Capillaries

• Flow rate is lowest in capillaries with their small
diameter
• total cross sectional area of ALL capillaries is large

• pressure is relatively low
Slow
18
Area
Velocity
19
Capillaries
Capillaries
• Thin walled vessels lined with “leaky” endothelial
cells
• Fenestrated
• Continuous
• Diameter of a red blood cell
• Fluid, ions, gases, and small molecules freely
exchange with interstitial fluid
• Proteins are retained in blood
20
Capillaries
Capillaries
Continuous
Continuous Fenestrated
Fenestrated
21
Capillaries
Capillary Exchange
Fluid movement dictated by balance of “Starling Forces”

• Hydrostatic pressure (Pcap)
• Osmotic pressure (cap)
22
Capillaries
Capillary Exchange
90%
10%
23
Blood/Plasma/Cell
Blood
24
Blood/Plasma/Cell
Plasma
Serum = Fluid portion of plasma that has formed clots, depleted

of platelets and clotting factors 25
Blood/Plasma/Cell
Cellular Elements
96%
3%
1%
26
Blood/Plasma/Cell
Hematocrit
Percentage of total blood

volume that is occupied by
packed red blood cells
• approx 40%
• low hematocrit may indicate
anemia- lack of RBCs or
Hemoglobin
27
Blood/Plasma/Cell
Red Blood Cells: Erythrocytes

• Most numerous blood cell type
• approx. 5 million/μL
• Characteristic biconcave disk morphology
• Contain no nucleus, ribosomes, or mitochondria
• “bag of enzymes”
28
Blood/Plasma/Cell
Built to Carry O2 and CO2

• Hemoglobin
• tetrameric structure
• protein (globin) + Fe2+ heme
• binds reversibly to O2
• Carbonic Anhydrase
• Zn-containing enzyme
• converts CO2 to H2CO3
29
Blood/Plasma/Cell
A Day in the Life of the Erythrocyte
• Kidney- stimulates
erythropoiesis
• Bone marrow- stem cells

generate RBCs
• 2-3 million/sec
• Spleen- removes RBCs

catabolizes Hb to bilirubin
• Liver- catabolizes bilirubin

to bile
30
Blood/Plasma/Cell
ErythroPOietin “EPO”
• Glycoprotein released by the kidney in response to low oxygen

levels in the blood
• Triggers differentiation of pluripotent stem cells into erythrocytes

in bone marrow
• Recombinant EPO can be used to treat anemia (Procrit) or for

“blood doping” in endurance sports
31

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BIOE 3340

Nervous system, cardiovascular (anatomy/physiology of

• To understand how blood pressure is homeostatically

• To understand how blood pressure plays a role in

Hypothalamus controls thirst

Cardiac Output is under autonomic control

Arterioles (and veins) under Sympathetic control via smooth muscle

Vessel Diameter and Resistance

• tube length, L (a constant in the body)

Vessel Diameter and Resistance

Vessel Diameter and Resistance

• Resistance is steeply dependent on radius

Arteriole Smooth Muscles

Sympathetic System Controls most

Circulating Epinephrine Modulates

most arterioles/veins arterioles in

• Simply standing up is a stressor

Drop in pressure stimulates

Brain feeds back appropriate

Increase in pressure from

• Elevated Mean Arterial Pressure

• 1-adrenergic receptor blockers (atenolol)

• Ca2+ channel blockers (verapamil)

Material Exchange in Capillaries

Material Exchange in Capillaries

• total cross sectional area of ALL capillaries is large

Fluid movement dictated by balance of “Starling Forces”

Serum = Fluid portion of plasma that has formed clots, depleted

Percentage of total blood

Red Blood Cells: Erythrocytes

Built to Carry O2 and CO2

A Day in the Life of the Erythrocyte

• Bone marrow- stem cells

• Spleen- removes RBCs

• Liver- catabolizes bilirubin

• Glycoprotein released by the kidney in response to low oxygen

• Triggers differentiation of pluripotent stem cells into erythrocytes

• Recombinant EPO can be used to treat anemia (Procrit) or for

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