Chapter 19 - Blood Vessels

PowerPoint® Lecture Slides prepared by Vince Austin, University of Kentucky
The Cardiovascular System:

Blood Vessels
19
Human Anatomy & Physiology, Sixth Edition
Elaine N. Marieb
Copyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Blood Vessels
 Blood is carried in a closed system of vessels that begins and
ends at the heart
 The three major types of vessels are arteries, capillaries,
and veins
 Arteries carry blood away from the heart
 Veins carry blood toward the heart
 Capillaries contact tissue cells and directly serve cellular

needs

Generalized Structure of Blood Vessels
 Arteries and veins are composed of three tunics – tunica

interna, tunica media, and tunica externa
 Lumen – central blood-containing space surrounded by
tunics
 Capillaries are composed of endothelium with sparse basal
lamina

Generalized Structure of Blood Vessels
Copyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Figure 19.1b
Tunics
Tunica interna (tunica intima)

 Endothelial layer that lines the lumen of all vessels
 In vessels larger than 1 mm, a subendothelial connective

tissue basement membrane is present
Tunica media
 Smooth muscle and elastic fiber layer, regulated by
sympathetic nervous system
 Controls vasoconstriction/vasodilation of vessels

Tunics
Tunica externa (tunica adventitia)

 Collagen fibers that protect and reinforce vessels
 Larger vessels contain vasa vasorum

Elastic (Conducting) Arteries
Thick-walled arteries - near the heart; the aorta and its major
branches
 Large lumen allow low-resistance conduction of blood
 Contain elastin in all three tunics
 Withstand and smooth out large blood pressure

fluctuations
 Allow blood to flow fairly continuously through the body

Muscular (Distributing) Arteries and Arterioles
Muscular arteries – distal to elastic arteries; deliver blood to

body organs
 Have thick tunica media with more smooth muscle and
less elastic tissue
 Active in vasoconstriction
Arterioles – smallest arteries; lead to capillary beds

 Control flow into capillary beds via vasodilation and
constriction

Capillaries
Capillaries - the smallest blood vessels

 Walls consisting of a thin tunica interna, one cell thick
 Allow only a single RBC to pass at a time
There are three structural types of capillaries: continuous,

fenestrated, and sinusoids

Continuous Capillaries
Figure 19.3a
Fenestrated Capillaries
Figure 19.3b
Sinusoids
Figure 19.3c
Capillary Beds
Figure 19.4a
Capillary Beds
Figure 19.4b
Blood Flow Through Capillary Beds
Precapillary sphincter
 Cuff of smooth muscle that surrounds each true capillary
 Regulates blood flow into the capillary

Venous System: Venules
Venules
 Are formed when capillary beds unite
 Allow fluids and WBCs to pass from the bloodstream to

tissues
 Large venules have one or two layers of smooth muscle
(tunica media)

Venous System: Veins
Veins
 Formed when venules converge
 Composed of three tunics, with a thin tunica media and a

thick tunica externa consisting of collagen fibers and
elastic networks

Venous System: Veins
 Veins have much lower blood pressure and thinner walls
than arteries
 To return blood to the heart, veins have special adaptations
 Large-diameter lumens, which offer little resistance to
flow
 Valves (resembling semilunar heart valves), which
prevent backflow of blood
 Venous sinuses – specialized, flattened veins with
extremely thin walls (e.g., coronary sinus of the heart and
dural sinuses of the brain)

Systemic Blood Pressure
Copyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Figure 19.5
Factors Aiding Venous Return
Figure 19.6
Circulatory Pathways
The vascular system has two distinct circulations:

 Pulmonary circulation – short loop that runs from the
heart to the lungs and back to the heart
 Systemic circulation – routes blood through a long loop
to all parts of the body and returns to the heart

Differences Between Arteries and Veins
Arteries Veins
Blood returns via superior and
Blood pumped into single
Delivery interior venae cavae and the
systemic artery – the aorta
coronary sinus
Deep, and protected by
Location Both deep and superficial
tissue
Pathways Fair, clear, and defined Convergent interconnections
Dural sinuses and hepatic portal

Supply/drainage Predictable supply
circulation

Pulmonary Circulation
Figure 19.17a
Systemic Circulation
Figure 19.18
Arteries of the Head and Neck
Copyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Figure 19.20b
Arteries of the Upper Limbs and Thorax

1
5
6

Arteries of the Abdomen
3
2
5
4
Figure 19.22c
Arteries of the Abdomen
Figure 19.22d
Arteries of the Lower Limbs
Copyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Figure 19.23b, c
Figure 19.24b
Veins of the Head and Neck
Figure 19.25b
Veins of the Upper Limbs and Thorax
Figure 19.26b
Veins of the Abdomen
Figure 19.27b
Veins of the Abdomen
Figure 19.27c
Veins of the Pelvis and Lower Limbs
Figure 19.28b, c

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PowerPoint® Lecture Slides prepared by Vince Austin, University of Kentucky

The Cardiovascular System:

 Veins carry blood toward the heart

 Capillaries contact tissue cells and directly serve cellular

Copyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings

 Arteries and veins are composed of three tunics – tunica

Copyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings

Tunica interna (tunica intima)

 In vessels larger than 1 mm, a subendothelial connective

Copyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings

Tunica externa (tunica adventitia)

 Larger vessels contain vasa vasorum

Copyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings

 Contain elastin in all three tunics

 Withstand and smooth out large blood pressure

Copyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings

Muscular arteries – distal to elastic arteries; deliver blood to

Arterioles – smallest arteries; lead to capillary beds

Copyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings

Capillaries - the smallest blood vessels

 Allow only a single RBC to pass at a time

There are three structural types of capillaries: continuous,

Copyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings

 Regulates blood flow into the capillary

Copyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings

 Allow fluids and WBCs to pass from the bloodstream to

Copyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings

 Composed of three tunics, with a thin tunica media and a

Copyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings

Copyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings

The vascular system has two distinct circulations:

Copyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings

Pathways Fair, clear, and defined Convergent interconnections

Dural sinuses and hepatic portal

Copyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings

Copyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings

Copyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings

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