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    Blood Typing: A, B, AB and O Blood Types

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    Widjaya HS Teacher
    There are four main blood types - A, B, AB, and O - which are determined by the presence or absence of antigens on red blood cells. A and B antigens elicit the production of antibodies in people without those antigens. During blood transfusions, it is important that the donor blood does not have antigens that would cause the recipient's antibodies to destroy the donor's red blood cells. The Rh system involves Rh+ or Rh- factors, and Rh- mothers can produce antibodies if exposed to Rh+ blood that could harm future Rh+ babies.

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    Blood Typing: A, B, AB and O Blood Types

    Uploaded by

    Widjaya HS Teacher
    338 views15 pages
    There are four main blood types - A, B, AB, and O - which are determined by the presence or absence of antigens on red blood cells. A and B antigens elicit the production of antibodies in people without those antigens. During blood transfusions, it is important that the donor blood does not have antigens that would cause the recipient's antibodies to destroy the donor's red blood cells. The Rh system involves Rh+ or Rh- factors, and Rh- mothers can produce antibodies if exposed to Rh+ blood that could harm future Rh+ babies.

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    There are four main blood types - A, B, AB, and O - which are determined by the presence or absence of antigens on red blood cells. A and B antigens elicit the production of antibodies in people without those antigens. During blood transfusions, it is important that the donor blood does not have antigens that would cause the recipient's antibodies to destroy the donor's red blood cells. The Rh system involves Rh+ or Rh- factors, and Rh- mothers can produce antibodies if exposed to Rh+ blood that could harm future Rh+ babies.

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PPT, PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as ppt, pdf, or txt
    338 views15 pages

    Blood Typing: A, B, AB and O Blood Types

    Uploaded by

    Widjaya HS Teacher
    There are four main blood types - A, B, AB, and O - which are determined by the presence or absence of antigens on red blood cells. A and B antigens elicit the production of antibodies in people without those antigens. During blood transfusions, it is important that the donor blood does not have antigens that would cause the recipient's antibodies to destroy the donor's red blood cells. The Rh system involves Rh+ or Rh- factors, and Rh- mothers can produce antibodies if exposed to Rh+ blood that could harm future Rh+ babies.

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    of 15

    Blood Typing

    A, B, AB and O Blood Types


    Blood Grouping

    • Transfusion is the transfer of blood or blood


    components from one individual to another.
    • Infusion is the introduction of fluid other than blood,
    for example: saline solution or glucose solution.
    • Blood Group is determined by the antigens
    (agglutinogens) on the surface of RBCs.
    • Antibodies (agglutinins) can bind to RBC antigens,
    resulting in agglutination (clumping) or hemolysis
    (rupture) of RBCs
    • Blood Groups: ABO and Rh
    ABO Blood Typing

    Blood Antigens (Agglutinogens) on Antibodies (Agglutinins)


    Type Red Blood Cells in Plasma

    A A Anti-B

    B B Anti-A

    AB A&B None

    O Neither Anti-A & Anti-B

    http://learn.genetics.utah.edu/content/begin/traits/blood/
    Distribution of ABO Blood Types

    Blood % of U. S. % of U. S. African
    Type Caucasian American

    A 41 27

    B 9 20

    AB 3 7

    O 47 46
    ABO Blood Groups

    Plasma Plasma Plasma


    Plasma
    Blood Transfusion
    Blood
    Prevalence Blood Rec.
    Group
    O **** Only O
    A *** O or A
    B ** O or B
    AB * All

    • If the wrong blood type is used, the person’s own


    immune system immediately attacks the donor’s
    blood and causes clots and RBC destruction that can
    lead to total kidney failure and death.
    No Agglutination Reaction

    • A person with blood type A can receive


    blood from a donor with blood type A.
    – The anti-B antibodies in the recipient do not combine
    with the type A antigens on the red blood cells of the
    donor.
    Agglutination Reaction
    • A person with blood type B cannot receive
    blood from a donor with blood type A.
    – The anti-A antibodies in the recipient will combine with
    the type B antigens on the red blood cells of the donor.
    Blood Replacement

    • If severe blood loss occurs (>30%), the situation is life


    threatening and requires that the lost blood be replaced.

    • The infusion of blood requires that the person’s blood type be


    known.
    Plasma and Blood Expanders

    • In order to avoid blood reactions when blood


    loss is substantial and there is no appropriate
    blood for transfusion, either plasma or artificial
    materials can be used to replace volume.

    • As long as the expanders have no RBC’s, there


    should be no transfusion reaction.
    – 0.9% saline
    – Human serum albumin
    – Altered physiological saline.
    Development of the Fetus
    • In the early developing fetus, the yolk sac, the liver and
    the spleen are forming blood cells.

    • By the seventh month of gestation and into adulthood,


    only the red bone marrow makes blood cells unless
    something happens. Liver and spleen can form blood
    cells in adults.

    • The fetus makes a different hemoglobin from the adult.


    This form is called hemoglobin F and it has a higher
    affinity for oxygen than does the adult form.
    Hemolytic Disease of the Newborn (HDN)

    HDN is the most common problem with Rh incompatability.


    Development of HDN of the Newborn
    • A small quantity of fetal blood leaks across the placenta
    into the maternal blood stream.

    • If the mother is Rh- and the baby is Rh+, the mother’s


    immune system begins to produce anti-Rh antibodies.

    • The mother’s antibodies cross the placenta during the


    subsequent pregnancy into the fetal blood.

    • If the second fetus is Rh+, the antigen-antibody reaction


    causes hemolysis of fetal RBCs and it results in HDN.
    Treatment of HDN
    • If a woman has Rh- and gives birth to a child, or if
    she has a miscarriage or abortion, she is given an
    injection of anti-Rh antibodies called anti-Rh
    gamma globulin or RhoGAM to prevent HDN.

    • The antibodies bind to the fetal Rh antigens and


    inactivates them if they crossed the placenta
    during birth, and the mother’s immune system
    does not respond by producing antibodies.
    Rh Factor

    • Individual with Rh+ if


    – Rh+ and Rh+
    – Rh+ and Rh- (Rh+ is dominant over Rh-)

    • Anti-Rh antibodies of the system are not


    normally present in the plasma, but can be
    produced if an individual with
    Rh - is exposed to Rh+

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