Exercise 5: Muscular System Exercise 6: Nervous System

• Structure of Skeletal Muscle • Brain

o Connective tissue coverings o Cerebrum – the largest part of the
▪ Epimysium – muscle brain
▪ Perimysium – fasciculus ▪ Frontal lobe – emotions,
▪ Endomysium – muscle voluntary movements
fiber ▪ Parietal lobe – sensations
o Sarcomere – basic unit of a ▪ Occipital lobe – vision
myofibril ▪ Temporal lobe – auditory,
o Muscle Fiber filaments smell, memory
▪ Actin – thin filament o Cerebellum – coordination of
▪ Myosin – thick filament movement, posture, balance, fine
o Organelles motor movement, motor learning
▪ Sarcolemma – cell o Brainstem – life sustaining
membrane in muscle functions; most primitive part
▪ Sarcoplasm – cytoplasm ▪ Midbrain
in muscle ▪ Pons – movement
▪ Sarcoplasmic reticulum – coordination
releases calcium ions ▪ Medulla oblongata –
o Striations breathing, heartbeat; most
▪ A band – appears thicker caudal structure
due to actin-myosin o Diencephalon
overlap ▪ Epithalamus – emotional
▪ I band – appears thinner and visceral response to
due to absence of myosin odors
▪ Z disk – boundary ▪ Thalamus – influences
between sarcomeres moods and detects pain
• Steps in Muscle Contraction ▪ Hypothalamus – controls
o Generation of Action Potential pituitary gland
from CNS
o Action potential reaches the nerve
end, releasing neurotransmitter Exercise 7: Peripheral Nervous System
(acetylcholine)
o Acetylcholine binds to a receptor in • Somatic Senses – single receptors embedded
sarcolemma in skin or muscle tissue
o Gated sodium ion channel opens; o Thermoreceptors – detect hot, cold,
influx of sodium ions and changes in the temperature
o Depolarization triggers release of o Propioceptors – sense the
calcium ions contraction or tension of a muscle
o Calcium binds to troponin organ
o Troponin-tropomyosin moves away • Special Senses – involve elaborate sense
from myosin-binding site organs
o ATP hydrolysis forms cross bridges o Photoreceptors – light sensitive
o Actin and myosin pull each other receptors found inside the eye
• Phases of Muscle Contraction (Skeletal o Chemoreceptors – sensitive to odor
Muscles) and taste and can be found in
o Latent Phase olfactory bulb and taste buds
o Contraction Phase
o Relaxation Phase
Exercise 8: Blood, the Endocrine, and Lymphatic o Luteinizing hormone – stimulates
Systems cells that produces testosterone and
progesterone
• Erythrocytes (RBC) – carries gases using o Follicle-stimulating hormone –
hemoglobin; last for 120 days initiates development of ova
• Leukocytes (WBC) – immunity against o Prolactin – initiates milk secretion
diseases o Thyroxine – regulates body
o Granulocytes metabolism
▪ Eosinophil – involved in o Calcitonin – decreases calcium
immunity against parasitic level in the blood
infections o Parathormone – maintains or
▪ Neutrophil – first line of increases the calcium level in the
defense for bacterial blood
infection o Aldosterone – increase sodium
▪ Basophil – releases levels and decreases potassium
histamine levels in the blood
o Agranulocytes o Melatonin – regulates the body’s
▪ Lymphocytes – present in circadian rhythm
viral infections; involved o Insulin – decreases sugar level in
in adaptive immunity the blood by converting glucose to
▪ Monocytes – important in glycogen
chronic infection; turns o Glucagon – increases sugar level in
into macrophages after the blood by releasing stored
diapedesis occurs glycogen
• Thrombocytes – needed for clotting process o Testosterone – responsible for male
• Endocrine Glands secondary sex characteristics
o Pituitary Gland – master gland; o Estrogen – responsible for female
secretes hormones to control other secondary sex characteristics
glands o Progesterone – stimulates secretion
o Thyroid Gland – found in the of nutrients for early zygote
throat; secretes thyroxine and • Lymphatic Structures
calcitonin o Lymphatic Vessels – structures that
o Parathyroid Gland – four glands collect lymph from different parts
found in the posterior of the thyroid of the body
gland; secretes parathormone o Lymph Nodes – small, round
o Adrenal Gland – found in the organs found along lymphatic
superior portion of the kidneys; vessels that filters the lymph
secretes epinephrine o Tonsils – structures found in the
o Pancreas – found in the abdominal throat that can fight infections.
area posterior to stomach; secretes o Thymus – location of maturation of
insulin and glucagon the immune cells T cells
o Thymus Gland – found in the chest o Spleen – structure in the left
anterior to the heart; secretes hypochondriac region responsible
thymosine for destroying worn out RBCs
o Pineal Gland – found in the middle
of the brain; secretes melatonin
• Hormones
o Antidiuretic hormone – constrict
the blood vessels and decrease
urine
o Oxytocin – stimulates uterine
contraction during labor