Fluids With Pressure

PRINCIPLES
OF
HYDROSTATICS
LECTURE 2
REPORTERS;
 BUENAFLOR, KHEN
 GASIC, JOSE MARIE-MAR
 MARIANO, ROSE MAY
 PLADO, MARDEHN
INTENSITY OF PRESSURE
 The intensity of pressure (unit pressure) is the force per

unit area
P = F/A
Where:
P = stress (Pa)
F = force (N, Newton)
A = area (sq m)
LAW OF PASCAL
 The law of Pascal on fluid statics that “at any point in a fluid
at rest, the pressure is the same in all direction”.
PRESSURE VARIATION IN A LIQUID
 The difference in pressure between any two points in a

homogeneous fluid (constant w) at rest varies directly as the
difference in depth or elevation of the two points.
P2 – P1 = wh
 Pressure at a vertical distance h is;
p = Pa + wh
REMARKS:
 I. At sea level under normal conditions, the atmospheric

pressure amounts to 101.3 KPa which is equivalent to
760mm of mercury column.
 II. The word vacuum is oftenly used to denote a pressure

less than atmospheric or a negative gage pressure. Its
amount is also expressed in mm of mercury column or KPa
measured from the atmospheric pressure as a base.
PRESSURE HEAD
 In the foregoing discussions, h has been used to designate the vertical

distance from the free surface to the point under consideration. This is
known as the head on the point and since this distance causes the
pressure p, it is more commonly known as the pressure head.
h = p/w
Where;
h - is the vertical distance
p - is the pressure, and
w - is the specific weight
 III. In absolute pressure units, the pressure head is
p/w = h + Pa/w
Where;
h - is the vertical distance of the point from the free surface
Pa - is the pressure of the atmosphere on the free surface
w – is the specific gravity
TRANSMISSION OF PRESSURE
 Another law on fluid statics attributed to Pascal is on the

transmission of pressure which states that “the pressure at
any point in a liquid at rest is transmitted equally and
undiminished to every other point in the liquid”
INSTRUMENT FOR MEASURING
PRESSURE
 Bourdon Gage
 Barograph
 Aneroid Barometer
 Manometers
MANOMETERS
 The term manometer is given to a wide variety of devices by

balancing the pressure against a column of liquid equilibrium.
TYPES OF MANOMETER
 Open Type
 Differential Type
PIEZOMETER
 Is the simplest form of the open-type manometer. This is a

tube which is usually tapped into the wall of a container or
conduit and in which the liquid can freely rise without
overflowing.
 Are limited to measurement of small pressure due to the
impractically of providing a long tube to accommodate high
pressure. Moreover, it can be used for liquid pressure
measurement since a gas does not form any free surface. To
overcome these disadvantages the open manometer is
usually utilized.
 Open type makes use of a bent which contains one or more
DIFFERENTIAL MANOMETER
 Oftentimes it is necessary to measure the difference in

pressure between two points in a pipeline or in a pipe system
instead of measuring actual pressure at specific points.
 A class of manometers not open to the atmosphere is
commonly used for this purpose.
MICROMANOMETER
 A special type of differential manometers ordinarily used for

measuring the difference in gas pressure.
 This type provides a higher precision and is used when the
pressure difference to be read is very small. Obviously, the
primary purpose of this gage is to magnify the reading to
permit a greater accuracy which cannot be provided by the
ordinary differential manometer.
Examples;
 The manometer of Fig. B is tapped to a pipeline carrying oil (SG = 0.85).

Determine the pressure at the center of the pipe?
 In Fig. C calculate the pressure at point m.
 Compute the gage and absolute pressure at point m at the Fig. D ; Fluids
A and C is air, Fluid B is mercury.
problems
 1-4. Instrument for Measuring Pressure

 Bourdon Gage
 Barograph
 Aneroid Barometer
 Manometer
 2-5. Types of Manometer
 Open Type
 Differential Type
 6. It is the force per unit area
 Intensity of Pressure
 7. Stated that at any point in a fluid at rest, the pressure is the same in all direction.
 Law of Pascal
 8. Is oftenly used to denote a pressure less than atmospheric or a negative gage pressure.
 Vacuum
 9. Another law on fluids statics attributed to Pascal, which states that the pressure at any point in a liquid at
rest is transmitted equally and undiminished to every other point in the liquid.
 Transmission of Pressure
 10. Is the simplest form of the open-type manometer.
 Piezometer
 11. A wide variety of devices by balancing the pressure against a column of liquid in static equilibrium.
 Manometer
 12. Used to measure the difference in pressure between two points in a pipeline or in a pipe
system instead if measuring actual pressure at specific points.
 Micro manometer
 13. The difference in pressure between any two points in a homogeneous fluid (constant w)
at rest varies directly as the difference in depth or elevation of the two points
 Pressure Variation in a Liquid
 14. The pressure head is expreesed as
 h = p/w
 15. Make use of a bent tube which contains one or more fluids aside from the one in which
the pressure is desired.
 Open Type

Fluids With Pressure

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PRINCIPLES

 The intensity of pressure (unit pressure) is the force per

 The difference in pressure between any two points in a

 I. At sea level under normal conditions, the atmospheric

 II. The word vacuum is oftenly used to denote a pressure

 In the foregoing discussions, h has been used to designate the vertical

 Another law on fluid statics attributed to Pascal is on the

 The term manometer is given to a wide variety of devices by

 Is the simplest form of the open-type manometer. This is a

 Oftentimes it is necessary to measure the difference in

 A special type of differential manometers ordinarily used for

 The manometer of Fig. B is tapped to a pipeline carrying oil (SG = 0.85).

 1-4. Instrument for Measuring Pressure

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