DCC 20053

Mechanics of Civil
Engineering Structure
CHAPTER 1: Introduction to Mechanics of Structure

LECTURER: MOHD HAZRY BIN ISMAIL

INTRODUCTION
MECHANICS OF STRUCTURES equips students with knowledge of facts
and basic principles of types of forces, strength of materials and
behavior of loaded structures. This course provides exposure to loaded
structures on direct and shear stresses, slope and deflection. The
domination of cognitive domain that bring intellectual force and
student thinking from the lower to the higher level which include
knowledge level and understanding level to application level in solving
problems that involve calculations. In this approach all concepts
learned can be correlated with structural behavior in everyday life
MECHANICS STRUCTURE
• Mechanics – a research about moving objects (forces that can move the
objects)
• Structures – solid bodies that is made up of various part to form a
particular shape
• ‘Mechanics of structures’ is a research / analysis upon characteristics
and structure’s behavior when load or force is applied. Rationally, when
an object is loaded, it will change depends on magnitude and its
direction.
• Mechanics can be broadly divided into two branches; Statics and
Dynamics. Statics deal with the bodies at rest whereas dynamics involve
studies related bodies in motion
TYPE OF STRUCTURE IN CIVIL
ENGINEERING
A structure refers to a system with connected parts used to support a
load. Some examples related to civil engineering are buildings, bridges
and towers. However, these structures are very complex for analyze
and design. At first, we will consider simple examples of structures and
parts of structures like beams, trusses, frames etc. It is important for a
structural engineer to recognize the various type of elements
composing a structures and to be able to classify them as to there form
and function. We will introduce some of these aspects.
Structural Elements
Some of most common structural elements are as follow:

a) Tie rods – structural members subjected to a tensile force. Due to

the nature of the load, these elements are rather slender and are
often chosen from rods, bars, angels, or channels.
Structural Elements
b) Beams – straight horizontal members are used generally to carry
vertical loads. Beams may be designed from several of element and
materials – concrete, metal etc. with rectangular or other cross
section.
Structural Elements
c) Columns –members are generally vertical and resist axial
compressive loads. Columns are elements similar to the tie
rods but they carry vertical loads
Types Of Structure
Frame structures: trusses, three-hinged frame, frames,
a) Trusses: they are composed of slender rods usually arranged
trintriangular fashion. Trusses are suitable for constructions with
large span when the depth is not an important criterion for design.
Plane trusses are composed of members that lie in the same plane
and are frequently used for bridge and roof support.
Types Of Structure
b) Three-hinged frame: this structure is simple determinate frame
used generally for base element for complicated frame structures.
Types Of Structure
c) Frames: they are often used in buildings and are composed of
beams and columns which are with hinge or rigid connections.
These structures are usually indeterminate and the load causes
generally bending of its members.
Types Of Structure
d) Plane structures: plates, walls and etc. These structures have two
significant dimensions and one small called thickness. The theory of
elasticity is capable to analyze such structures
Types Of Structure
e) Surface structures: shells and etc. These structures can be made
from flexible or rigid material and has a three-dimensional shape
like a cylinder hyperbolic paraboloid etc. The analysis of these
structures is also aim of theory of elasticity.
Types Of Loads On Structure
a) Dead Loads : Dead loads consist of self-weight of the structure
(weight of walls, floors, roofs etc). The weight of the foundation and
footings and all other permanent loads acting on the structure.
These can be computed by finding the weights of cubical contents
of the different materials used for constructing the structure.
Types Of Loads On Structure
b) Live Loads : Live loads consist of moving or variable loads like
people, furniture, temporary stores etc. It is also called super-
imposed load.
Types Of Loads On Structure
c) Wind Loads : The Wind acts horizontally on the surfaces of the
walls, roofs and inclined roof of the structure. That means it exerts
uniform pressure on the structural components on which it acts and
tends to disturb the stability of the structure.
Types Of Loads On Structure
d)  Snow Loads : The amount of snow load depends on various factors
such as shape and size of roof structure, roofing materials, location
of the structure, insulation of the structure, duration, and frequency
of snow.
Types Of Loads On Structure
e) Seismic Load : These loads are internal forces which act on the
structure due to earthquake developed ground movements.
Types Of Loads On Structure
f) Force load: concentrated force or moment, distributed load.
Types Of Loads On Structure
Types Of Loads On Structure
g) Temperature load: load caused by fire.
Types Of Loads On Structure
h) Displacement load: load displacement is caused from displacement
of some point or points of the structure.
EXTERNAL AND INTERNAL
FORCES
External forces :  external forces are forces applied to the structure
from the outside of the structure. Examples of external forces
include dead loads, such as the weight of the structure itself and the
non-structural materials it supports, and live loads, which include
moving loads, such as occupants, goods, and furniture, as well as wind
loads, seismic loads, and impact loads, among others.
EXTERNAL AND INTERNAL
FORCES
Internal forces : Internal forces are produced from the external forces
acting on structure members such as pole, beam or column.
Generally, we have three types of internal forces: axial, shear and
moment. Axial force, sometimes called 'normal force,' is a compression
or tension force acting aligned with the extension of a structure
member. Shear force is a force acting in a direction perpendicular to
the alignment of the member. Moment force, lastly, is a turning result
of a force multiplied by the distance from its acting location to the
turning point. The number of these components varies in one-
dimensional, two-dimensional and three-dimensional cases. Now the
questions are what each of these components do and how to calculate
these internal forces.
EXTERNAL AND INTERNAL
FORCES
TYPES OF EXTERNAL AND
INTERNAL FORCES
a) Axial Forces
b) Shear Forces
c) Bending moment forces
d) Torque/torsion forces
TYPES OF EXTERNAL AND
INTERNAL FORCES
a) Axial Forces : The forces acting perpendicular to the sectional area
of the body. The load on a structure is applied through the center of
gravity of its cross section. Axial force is the compression or tension
force of the member.

P P

Rajah 1.3 (a) : Daya Paksi

TYPES OF EXTERNAL AND
INTERNAL FORCES
b) Shear Forces : The forces acting perpendicular / parallel to the
sectional surface area

P
TYPES OF EXTERNAL AND
INTERNAL FORCES
c) Bending moment forces : Two moments of worth and opposite
direction at both ends. Defined as the algebraic sum of the
moments about the section of all the forces (including the reaction)
acting on the beam, either to the left or to the right of the section.

M M

Rajah 1.3 (c) : Daya Lentur

TYPES OF EXTERNAL AND
INTERNAL FORCES
d) Torque/torsion forces : Torsion force is a twisting force that is
applied on an object by twisting one end when the other is held in
position or twisted in the opposite direction. Different materials
have a different way of responding to torsion
.

Rajah 1.3 (d): Daya Putiran

FORCES OF GRAVITY, PRESSURE
AND REACTION
Gravity force, pressure and reaction are a form of force action. All three
have a knack for creating balance in the action of force.

a) Gravity :  the force that causes two particles to pull towards each
other
Force (F) = Mass (m) x gravity (g) Daya = Jisim x Tarikan Graviti
F = Mg Atau

g = 9.81ms-2 F=mxg

Unit = Newton @ kgms-2 -2

Unit daya ialah kgms @ Newton, N
FORCES OF GRAVITY, PRESSURE
AND REACTION
b) Pressure :  the force applied perpendicular to the surface of an
object per unit area over which that force is distributed.

Unit = N/m2 @ Pascal

TYPES OF SUPPORT, INTERNAL
REACTION AND ITS DIRECTION
IN STRUCTURE
There are 3 types of support which are very common
a) Roller support
b) Pinned or hinged support
c) Fixed end
TYPES OF SUPPORT, INTERNAL
REACTION AND ITS DIRECTION
IN STRUCTURE
a) Roller support : this support carry only shear forces between jointed
members. The roller support allows rotation and one displacement of
the support point: uA ≠ 0; vA = 0 and ϕA ≠ 0.

Fy=0
 TYPES OF SUPPORT, INTERNAL REACTION AND ITS
DIRECTION IN STRUCTURE
b) Pinned or hinged support : this support carry shear and axial forces but
not moment between different members. The hinged support allows
rotation of the support point but the two displacement are equal zero or:
uA = 0; vA = 0 and ϕA ≠ 0.

Fx=0
Fy=0
 TYPES OF SUPPORT, INTERNAL
REACTION AND ITS DIRECTION
IN STRUCTURE
c) Fixed support : this support carry moment, shear and axial forces
between different members. This kind of support doesn’t allow any
displacements of the support point. So if the displacement along the x
axis is u, the displacement along y axis is y and the rotation is called ϕ
then we can say that: uA = 0; vA = 0 and ϕA = 0.

 Fx = 0
 Fy = 0
M = 0
TYPES OF SUPPORT, INTERNAL
REACTION AND ITS DIRECTION
IN STRUCTURE