GENERAL PHYSICS 2

P R E L I M
ELECTRIC CHARGE
ELECTRIC CHARGE determines
the electric interaction and
magnetic interaction between
subatomic particles and other
charged particles.
 This means that they are
affected by electromagnetism.
The interaction between charges
is summarized in the phrase
“like charges repel, unlike
charges attract”.
 There are two types of electric
charges: positive and negative.
An absence of net charge is
referred to as neutral.
An object is negatively charged
if it has an excess of electrons,
and is otherwise positively
charged or uncharged.
The symbol Q often denotes
charge.

The SI derived unit of electric

charge is the coulomb (C).
 In an atom, the subatomic
particles provide the net charge.
p+ = 1.602x10-19 C
- -19
e = -1.602x10 C
 An electrically neutral atom
contains an equal number of
protons and electrons.
An atom that has an imbalance
in the number of protons and
electrons is called an ion.
 Macroscopically, a body is
electrically charged if the
number of positive charges it
has is not equal to the number
of negative charges.
The charge of a particle depends
on the sum of its electrical
charges.
CONDUCTORS are material that
allow electric charges to move
from one material to another.
 CHARGING BY
RUBBING/FRICTION
An electrically neutral body can
gain a charge by rubbing or
friction.
The charge acquired by rubbed
materials can be determined
using the triboelectric series.
 Dry Hand Wood
Leather Amber
Glass Rubber
Human Hair Polyester
Nylon Styrofoam
Wool Polyurethane
Fur PVC
Silk
CHARGING BY
INDUCTION
 An electrically charged object
placed near a neutral object can
result to charging by induction.
ELECTRIC DIPOLE
 When you bring a neutrally
charged body A near a strongly
negative body B, its positive
charges will be drawn near B,
and the negative charges will be
pushed to the other side.
This resulting condition polarizes
the body and forms a dipole.
 POLARIZATION is the process
wherein an electrically neutral
body becomes polar by the
rearrangement of its molecules.
 Point dipoles refer to atoms
bearing a positive side and a
negative side.
 In such atoms, the electrons
converge or gather on one side
and the protons on the other.
 An extension of this concept
gives rise to molecular dipoles.
 Another way to classify dipoles
is whether they are permanent o
temporary.
ELECTROSTATIC FORCE
 The attraction and repulsion
between electric charges comes
from a force known as
electrostatic force.
This force can be calculated
using Coulomb’s Law for
electrostatics.
 COULOMB’S LAW states that an
electrostatic force is directly
proportional to the product of
the magnitude of the charges
and inversely proportional to the
square of the distance between
two charges.
 𝐤𝐐𝟏 𝐐𝟐
𝐅𝐄 = 𝟐
𝐫
 FE is the electrostatic force, q1
and q2 are the magnitudes of the
charges, r is the distance
between the charges and k is
known as Coulomb’ Constant.
 𝟐
𝟗
𝐍 ∙ 𝐦
𝐤 = 𝟖. 𝟗𝟗𝐱𝟏𝟎 𝟐
𝐂
Coulomb’s Law can be seen as a
variation of Newton’s Law of
Universal Gravitation.
 What is the electrostatic force of
attraction between a -6.0x10 C -6
-6
charge and a 4.0x10 C charge if
they are separated by a distance
of 3m?
 Two identically charged one-
peso coins are 1.5m apart on a
table. What is the charge of one
of the coins if each of them
experiences a repulsive force of
2.0N?
Compute the force of attraction
-19
between a 1.6x10 C charge
-18
and a -2.09x10 C charge if
-10
they are 4.01x10 m apart.
 Calculate the repulsive force
-9
between a -1.15x10 C charge
-8
and a -1.49x10 C charge if a
-20
distance of 2.01x10 m
separates them.
Two ball bearings with opposite
charges are 1.11m apart on the
floor. What are their charges if
they are attracted to each other
with a force of 5.11N?
ELECTRIC FIELD
 The area or field around a
charge where the electrostatic
force can be experienced is
called the electric field.
An electric field coexists with
every electrostatic charge.
ELECTRIC FIELD LINES
 An electric field can be
graphically represented using
electric field lines.
The density or thickness of these
lines is directly proportional to
the strength of the electric field
at any region in space.
If the field lines are drawn close
to each other, the electric field is
stronger.
Electric field lines are drawn
based on the charge being
considered.
Positive charges have field lines
drawn from them.
Negative charges have field
lines drawn to them.
Consider a positive charge and a
negative charge in space.
 Electric field lines are drawn
from the positive charge and
directed to the negative charge.
ELECTRIC FIELD
 Electric fields predict the
behavior of the charges present
in any location in space.
A test charge is a single charge
whose behavior is measured or
determined based on the
presence of external factors or
stimuli.
Physicists compute the value of
an electric field because of its
direct relation with electrostatic
force.
 𝐤𝐐
𝐄= 𝟐
𝐫
The unit used to measure electric
field is Newton per Coulomb
(N/C).
The source charge is the charge
from where all the electric field
comes from.
 Showing the relationship of
electric field with electrostatic
force,
 𝐅𝐄
𝐄=
𝐐
Calculate the electric field that a
test charge will experience on
the following distances from the
source charge of 5.02x10 C. -13
 -3
2.04x10 m
 -12
1.55x10 m
 Calculate the magnitude and
direction of the electric field
-9
0.45m from a 7.85x10 C point
charge.
 A charge of -8
3.0x10 C
experiences an electrostatic force
-8
of 6.0x10 N. Compute the force
per coulomb that the charge
experiences.
 a.

Source charge : 4
5.03x10 C
-5
distance from q : 2.33x10 m
 b.

Source charge : -12

-4.33x10 C
-19
distance from q : 4.6x10 m
 c.

Source charge : -15

6.78x10 C
-19
distance from q : 7.9x10 m
THE SUPERPOSITION
PRINCIPLE
 The superposition principle
means that the overall effect or
net effect of the presence of
electric charges in a given
system is equal to the individual
effects of each pair of charges in
the system.
 Consider the following three
point charges arranged along the
x-axis.
q1 has a charge of -6
-8.0x10 C
and is located at x=-3.0m
q2 carries a charge of -6
3.0x10 C
and is located at the origin
q3 has a charge of -6
-4.0x10 C
and is located at x=3.0m
What is the overall force
experienced by q2?
Three point charges are arrange
along the y-axis and are
separated by a distance of
0.20m.
 The topmost charge bears a
-6
charge of -4.0x10 C, the middle
charge has a charge of
-6
3.0x10 C, and the bottom
-6
carries a -7.0x10 C charge.
 What is the magnitude and
direction of the net electrostatic
force that the middle charge
experiences?
ELECTRIC FLUX AND
GAUSS’S LAW
 Electric field is represented by
arrows to indicate the flow or
movement from a positive
charge or to a negative charge.
This flow of an electric field
through a given area is
measurable using ELECTRIC
FLUX.
Electric flux is mathematically
expressed as:
𝛟𝐄 = (𝐄)(𝐀)(𝐜𝐨𝐬𝛉)
The unit used to measure electric
flux is volt-meter (V-m) or
Newton squared per Coulomb
𝑵∙𝒎𝟐
.
𝑪
What is the electric flux of the
following sets of variables?
9.5x1013 N/C

1.6x10-5 m 2

75º
3.4x1023 N/C

2.3x10-2 m 2

84º
For a closed surface, electric flux
is calculated using a technique
or law called GAUSS’S LAW.
 Gauss’s Law states that the
electric flux through any closed
surface is equal to the net charge
inside the surface divided by the
permittivity of free space.
ELECTRIC POTENTIAL
Energy is defined as the capacity
to do work.
Potential energy is the energy of
a body due to its position and
normally converted into useful
work.
Electric potential is the amount
of electric potential energy per
unit charge.
This is equivalent to the amount
of work needed to move a
charge from one reference point
to another.
 Electric potential is
mathematically expressed as:
 𝐤𝐐
𝐕𝐄 =
𝐫
The unit used to measure electric
potential is joules per coulomb
(J/C) or volt (V)
 Compute the electric potential
from a source charge of 5.02x10 -
13 C if a test charge will be
-3
placed 2.08x10 m from it.
 How much is the electric
potential from a 4.02x10 C-15

source charge if a test charge

-12
will be placed 4.55x10 m from
it?
CAPACITORS
 A capacitor is an electric
component that temporarily
stores charges within a circuit.
Inside it are two conducting
plates facing each other and
separated by an insulator
referred to as a dielectric.
The amount of charges stored in
a capacitor per unit of electric
potential is referred to as
capacitance.
 𝐐
𝐂=
𝐕
 The unit used to measure
capacitance is Coulomb per volt
(C/V) or farad.
Compute the capacitance if the
value of the charge stored is
-6
0.3x10 C and the voltage
3
supplied is 1.0x10 V.
 Calculate the capacitance of a
capacitor if it stores a charge of
-5
4.1x10 C when delivered with
a voltage of 2.5x10 V. 4
A battery connected to the plates
-6
of a 3.0x10 F capacitor stores a
-5
charge of 2.70x10 C. How
much voltage is provided by the
battery?
 Solve for the capacitance of a
capacitor if it stores a charge of
4
1.3x10 C when delivered with a
voltage of 3.0x10 V. 3
 A capacitor’s capacitance is
dependent on various factors.
 Effect on
Variable
Capacitance
Area of the Increase Increase
conducting plate Decrease Decrease

Distance between the Increase Increase

conducting plates Decrease Decrease
More conducting Decrease
Type of dielectric
Less conducting Increase
Capacitors can be classified in
terms of their construction –
parallel-plate, spherical, and
cylindrical.
 Each type has advantages and
disadvantages based on
capacitance, potential difference,
and charge.
PARALLEL – PLATE CAPACITORS
 The capacitance that can be
offered by a parallel-plate
capacitor is directly proportional
to the area of the plates as well
as to the distance between these
plates.
The voltage across this type of
capacitor is also directly
proportional to the distance
between the plates.
CYLINDRICAL CAPACITORS
The capacitance of a cylindrical
capacitor varies directly with its
length.
 An increase in the distance
between the two charged
cylinders will increase the
voltage across the capacitor.
SPHERICAL CAPACITORS
 The capacitance of a spherical
capacitor varies directly with its
overall radius.
CAPACITORS IN A
CIRCUIT
SERIES CIRCUIT
𝐪𝐭𝐨𝐭𝐚𝐥 = 𝐪𝟏 = 𝐪𝟐 = 𝐪𝟑
𝐕𝐭𝐨𝐭𝐚𝐥 = 𝐕𝟏 + 𝐕𝟐 + 𝐕𝟑
𝟏 𝟏 𝟏 𝟏
= + +
𝐂 𝐂𝟏 𝐂𝟐 𝐂𝟑
PARALLEL CIRCUIT
𝐪𝐭𝐨𝐭𝐚𝐥 = 𝐪𝟏 + 𝐪𝟐 + 𝐪𝟑
𝐕𝐭𝐨𝐭𝐚𝐥 = 𝐕𝟏 = 𝐕𝟐 = 𝐕𝟑
𝐂𝐭𝐨𝐭𝐚𝐥 = 𝐂𝟏 + 𝐂𝟐 + 𝐂𝟑