INTRODUCTION OF-3 D BIOPRINTING

PRESENTED BY:REENA JOSHI

ID NO:50197
 CONTENTS:

 BIOPRINTING
 TISSUE ENGINEERING
 TERMINOLOGY
STEPS IN TISSUE ENGINEERING
PROCESS OF BIOPRINTING
 METHODS OF BIOPRINTING
 HOW BIOPRINTING WORKS
 WHERE ARE WE NOW?
 ADVANTAGES
 LIMITATIONS
 FUTURE ASPECTS
 3 D PRINTING

• 3D printing” or “Additive Manufacturing” takes digital input in the form of Computer Aided Design (CAD)
model and creates solid, three dimensional parts through an additive, layer by layer process.
 TYPES OF MANUFACTURING

• Substracrive manufacturing- refers to removal of material by methods such as cutting or drilling.

• Additive manufacturing - refers to technologies that create objects through sequential layering.
Additive Manufacturing could reduce energy use by 50% and reduces material costs by up to 96% compared to traditional
manufacturing.
 BIOPRINTING

• 3D bio-printing is the process of creating cell patterns in a confined space using 3D printing technologies, where
cell function and viability are preserved within the printed construct.

• 3D bio-printing utilizes the layer-by-layer method to create tissue-like structures that are later used in medical and
tissue engineering fields.
 TISSUE ENGINEERING

• An interdisciplinary field that applies the principles of engineering and life sciences toward the development of
biological substitutes that restore, maintain, or improve tissue function or a whole organ – Langer and J.Vacanti“

• Tissue engineering refers to the practice of combining scaffolds, cells, and biologically active molecules into
functional tissues.
• Aim:- helping with tissue or organ repair including bone repair (calcified tissue), cartilage tissue, cardiac tissue,
pancreas tissue, and vascular tissue.
• Tissue engineering provides an environment to test potential new drugs on diseases
 TERMINOLOGY

• Bio-ink- is a substance which includes living cells that can be printed into the desired shape during the bioprinting process.
It is created by combining the living cells with nutrients and other materials that will help the cells survive the bioprinting
process .
• Scaffold -is a biocompatible and biodegradable construct that would be included with each layer printed to support the
cells and hold them in place during the printing
• The extracellular matrix (ECM) is the non-cellular component present in all tissues and organs which is a collection of
extracellular molecules secreted by cells that provide structural, biochemical support to the surrounding cells.
• The hydrogel is a network of polymer chains that are hydrophilic which is important in tissue engineering both as acting as
a host for the living cells as well as providing a 3-dimensional scaffolding construct.
• A biomaterial is any substance other than drugs that has been engineered to interact with biological systems for a medical
purpose – either a therapeutic (treat, augment, repair or replace a tissue function of the body) or a diagnostic one
• Biocompatibility:-in the simplest terms, it is something that is not harmful to living tissue. It is something that is compatible
with living tissue or a living system by not being toxic, injurious, or physiologically reactive and not causing immunological
rejection.
 COMPONENTS OF TISSUE ENGINERING

• .
 SOURCES OF CELLS

• Autologous- Come from the person that needs the new cells.
• Allogenic- Come from a body from the same species.
• Xenogenic- Come from a different species then the organism they’re going into.
• Syngenic- Come from genetically identical people. (Twins).
• Stem cells- Undifferentiated cells.
 SCAFFOLDS

• Scaffold gives cells a structure on which they need to grow,

• Without them cells are free floating, cannot connect with each other, communicate or form tissue.
• Properties of a scaffold:
• be biocompatible, meaning that it should not provoke any rejection, inflammation, immune responses or foreign body
reactions.
• provide a 3D template for the cells to attach and to guide their growth.
• have a porous architecture with a high surface area for the maximum loading of cells, cellsurface interaction, tissue
ingrowth, and transportation of nutrients and oxygen.
• be biodegradable
• be mechanically strong to withstand in vivo biological forces.
• be sterilizable to avoid toxic contaminations without compromising any structural properties.
• The manner in which a cell type and scaffolding are combined should be carefully matched for purpose as it has been
demonstrated that composition, architecture of scaffolds are able to interact and influence cell behaviour. Scaffold
architecture has been shown to modify the response of cells and subsequent tissue formation.
 scaffolds

natural synthetic

Polysaccharide Aliphatic
Protein origin
origin polyesters

Protein origin:collagen,fibrin,gelatin,silk.

Polysaccharide origin:alginate,chitosan,hyaluranon.

Polyesters:PLA,PGA,PCL etc.
 GROWTH FACTORS/ SIGNALLING
MOLECULE

• Soluble peptides
• Capable of binding cellular receptors and producing acellular response toward differentiation and proliferation of tissues.
• For example
• Hormones
• Insulin like growth factor
• Platelet derived growth factor
• Fibroblast growth factor
• Transforming growth factor
• Bone morphogenesis proteins
 STEPS IN TISSUE ENGINEERING:

• ) BIOPSY (donor-tissue extraction) - either from fluid tissue like blood using centrifugation
or from solid tissue . Solid tissue is minced, then enzymes like trypsin or collagenase are used
to remove the extracellular matrix, finally cells are free-floating and extracted again by use of
centrifugation
• 2) CELL ISOLATION and CULTIVATION
• 3) SCAFFOLDS, seeding, cultivation – implantation or 'seeding' of cells into artificial
structure that can support 3-D tissue formation; that resemble the extracellular matrix.
• 4) IMPLANTATION (implantation into living body)
• 5) DETECTION (property analysis)
PROCESS OF BIOPRINTING
• pre-processing phase----includes all the planning details that precede production of bioprinted tissue. This
phase includes imaging (CT, MRI, etc.) to analyze the anatomical structure of the target tissue and subsequent
CAD to translate the imaging data into a blueprint for bioprinting. includes all the planning details that precede
production of bioprinted tissue.. Prebioprinting is the process of creating a model that the printer will later
create and choosing the materials that will be used.
• processing phase - In the second step, the liquid mixture of cells and nutrients are placed in a printer
cartridge and structured using the patients' medical scans.

• post-processing phase-involves all steps that must occur before bioprinted tissue is fully mature and ready
for in vivo usage. The post-bioprinting process is necessary to create a stable structure from the biological
material. If this process is not well maintained, the mechanical integrity and function of the 3D printed object is
at risk.
METHOD OF BIOPRINTING

Inkjet based
Laser based
Pressure assisted
 METHODS OF BIOPRINTING

• Inkjet based bioprinting:. It is a noncontact printing process that deposits precise picoliter droplets of “bioink” onto a
hydrogel substrate or culture dish under computer control.
• thermal based-Thermal-based inkjet printing uses a heated element to nucleate a bubble. The bubble causes a build-up
pressure within the printhead, which leads to the expulsion of a droplet.
• piezoelectric based-Piezoelectric-based apparatus uses acoustic waves or sound waves to eject the bioink. This mechanism
limits the use of highly concentrated and viscous bioinks as their viscosity dampens the applied acoustic waves, hindering the
ejection of a droplet.
Laser based:Laser-assisted bioprinting (LAB) uses a laser as the energy source to deposit biomaterials onto a substrate.
This technique usually consists of three parts: a pulsed laser source, a ribbon coated with liquid biological materials that are
deposited on the metal film, and a receiving substrate .
The lasers irradiate the ribbon causing the liquid biological materials to evaporate and reach the receiving substrate in droplet
form.

Schematic of Laser-assisted Bioprinting. (a) transparent glass, (b) thin metal layer, (c) vaporization-induced
bubble.
• Pressure-assisted bioprinting (PAB) is based on extrusion to create desired 3D patterns and constructs. The biomaterials are
extruded by coordinating the motion of pneumatic pressure or piston based pressure in the form of a continuous filament
through a microscale nozzle orifice or a microneedle onto a stationary substrate.

Schematic of Extrusion-based Bioprinting; from left, pneumatic-based and right, mechanical-based.

HOW BIOPRINTING WORKS?
 WHERE ARE WE NOW?

• Researchers at the University of Louisville in Louisville, Kentucky said they have successfully printed parts of a human
heart using by printing with a combination of human fat cells and collagen.

A man from Wales in the United Kingdom was in a motorcycle accident in 2012 and he has now received 3D printed
implants on his face that successfully fixed injuries he sustained. The project was done by the Centre for Applied
Reconstructive Technologies in Surgery.
• In January, Organovo successfully printed samples of human liver tissue that were distributed to an outside laboratory for
testing. The company is aiming for commercial sales later at this year. The sets of 24 samples take about 30 minutes to produce.
According to the company, the printed tissue responds to drugs similarly to a regular human liver.

• Scientists in Vienna, Austria printed brain tissues from stem cells. They call them “cerebral organoids."

• “L'Oréal, the largest cosmetic company in the world, signed a deal in 2013 with 3D bioprinting company Organovo to explore
the use of 3D bioprinting for cosmetic safety testing, specifically skin care products”
 ADVANTAGES

• Organs unlikely to be rejected after transplantation.

• Reduced organ trafficking.
• Decreased waiting times for organ donors.
• Decreased animal testing.
• Finished products are independent of biomaterial or scaffolding absent in native tissues.
• Effects of disease states or drugs may be more accurately observed without the need for human subjects.
 DISADVANTAGES

• Organ is not sure about whether they can fit into a human body .
• It will bring a major ethical and moral debate on its use .
• The cost of printers are very expensive
• Questions of liability if a printed object fails.
• Pricing; availability to only the wealthy.
• Consumption of large amounts of energy
• Difficulty in maintaining cell environment, resulting in the death of many cells.
 FUTURE PROSPECTS

In Situ BioPrinting Surgeries

Current research is working on making 3D
BioPrinted tissue and organs in
culture (outside of the body), but in the
future some scientists hope to do in situ
BioPrinting. In Situ BioPrinting is the process
of printing cells directly onto or into the
body during surgery for better healing time.

3D BioPrinted Organs for Transplantation

3D
. BioPrinted Organs for Transplantation
Every year the number of people waiting for an
organ transplant increases, but the number of
available donors still remains low. According
to Organdonor.gov, every day 18 people die in the
US waiting for a suitable organ transplant.
• Speed up Drug Development with 3D BioPrinted Human Tissues

On average, pharmaceutical companies spends over $50 billion dollars on research and development. And will
spend over a decade on animal,clinical testing in order to get sufficient data to gain drug approval from the FDA. In the future, 3D
BioPrinters can cheapen this expense and quicken testing time, while still providing reliable test results. With 3D BioPrinters we
could better predict drug reactions in actual human tissues without having to waste any money or time in the preliminary animal
testing phase.
 BIBLOGRAPHY

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