I. Introduction To Life Science

I.
INTRODUCTION TO
LIFE SCIENCE
SCIENCE
• A SYSTEMATIC BODY OF KNOWLEDGE
OBTAINED THROUGH DEEP RESEARCHES DONE
BY THE HUMAN BEING.
MAJOR BRANCHES
• EARTH SCIENCE
(ALSO KNOWN AS GEOSCIENCE) IS AN ALL-
EMBRACING TERM FOR THE SCIENCES RELATED
TO THE PLANET EARTH AND ITS NEIGHBORS IN
SPACE.
MAJOR BRANCHES
• LIFE SCIENCE
ALSO KNOWN AS BIOLOGY, IS THE SCIENTIFIC
STUDY OF LIFE. THIS DEALS WITH THE STUDY OF
EVOLUTION, DEVELOPMENT, DISTRIBUTION,
STRUCTURE, ORIGIN AND FUNCTION OF THE
LIVING THINGS.
MAJOR BRANCHES
• PHYSICAL SCIENCE
IS ASSOCIATED WITH THE NATURE AND
BEHAVIOR OF ENERGY AND MATTER.
SUBDIVISIONS OF BIOLOGY (LIFE SCIENCE)
• ANATOMY STUDY OF THE PARTS OR STRUCTURES OF
ORGANISMS
• BIOCHEMISTRY STUDY OF STRUCTURE AND FUNCTION OF

CELLULAR COMPONENTS, SUCH AS BIOMOLECULES AND
THEIR FUNCTIONS AND TRANSFORMATIONS DURING LIFE
PROCESSES
• BIOCLIMATOLOGY SCIENCE CONCERNED WITH THE
INFLUENCE OF CLIMATES ON ORGANISMS
• BIOTECHNOLOGY APPLIED SCIENCE THAT IS CONCERNED

WITH BIOLOGICAL SYSTEMS, LIVING ORGANISMS, TO
MAKE OR MODIFY PRODUCTS OR PROCESS FOR SPECIFIC
USE.
• BOTANY SCIENTIFIC STUDY OF PLANTS
• CELL BIOLOGY STUDY OF CELLS AT THE MICROSCOPIC OR

AT THE MOLECULAR LEVEL.
• CONCHOLOGY STUDY OF SHELLS
• CYTOLOGY STUDY OF THE STRUCTURES AND FUNCTIONS
OF CELLS
• ECOLOGY STUDY OF THE ENVIRONMENT AND THE
INTERRELATIONSHIP OF ORGANISMS IN IT,
• EMBRYOLOGY STUDY OF THE FORMATION AND
DEVELOPMENT OF ORGANISMS IN ITS EARLIEST STAGES OF
DEVELOPMENT
• ENTOMOLOGY STUDY OF INSECTS
• EVOLUTION STUDY OF THE ORIGIN AND DIFFERENTIATION
OF DIFFERENT KINDS OF ORGANISMS
• GENETICS STUDY OF HEREDITY OR HOW AN
ORGANISM’S CHARACTERISTICS ARE
TRANSMITTED FROM PARENTS TO OFFSPRING
• HELMINTHOLOGY STUDY OF WORMS

• HERPETOLOGY STUDY OF REPTILES AND
AMPHIBIANS
• HISTOLOGY STUDY OF TISSUES

• ICHTHYOLOGY STUDY OF FISHES
• MAMMALOGY STUDY OF MAMMALS

• MICROBIOLOGY STUDY OF MICROORGANISMS AND THEIR
EFFECTS ON OTHER LIVING ORGANISMS
• MORPHOLOGY STUDY OF STRUCTURES AND FORMS OF

ORGANISMS
• MYCOLOGY STUDY OF FUNGI
• ORNITHOLOGY STUDY OF BIRDS

• PALEONTOLOGY STUDY OF FOSSILS
• PHYSIOLOGY STUDY OF THE FUNCTIONS OF LIVING

ORGANISMS AND THEIR PARTS
• PRIMATOLOGY STUDY OF PRIMATES
• TAXONOMY STUDY OF THE CLASSIFICATION AND
NAMING OF PLANTS AND ANIMALS
• ZOOLOGY STUDY THAT DEALS WITH ANIMALS AND
ANIMAL LIFE
CHARACTERISTICS OF
LIFE
UNIFYING THEMES IN BIOLOGY
GROWTH AND
DEVELOPMENT
LIVING THINGS GROW IN SIZE AND
UNDERGO DEVELOPMENT FROM SIMPLE
TO COMPLEX FORM.
LIVING THINGS UNDERGO
METAMORPHOSIS DEVELOPING FROM
ONE STAGE TO ANOTHER UNTIL THEY
REACH THEIR MATURITY.
HIGHLY ORGANIZED
LIVING THINGS CAN BE CLASSIFIED
AS UNICELLLULAR (ONLY MADE UP
OF ONE CELL) LIKE BACTERIA, OR
MULTICELLULAR (MADE UP OF MANY
CELLS) LIKE PLANTS AND ANIMALS.
ABILITY TO ACQUIRE
MATERIALS AND
ENERGY
LIVING THINGS OBTAIN ENERGY
FROM FOOD. THROUGH THE PROCESS
OF METABOLISM ENERGY IS USED AND
RELEASED.
CHEMICAL ENERGY THAT IS STORED IN
FOOD IS CONVERTED INTO FORMS
USABLE BY THE CELLS.
ABILITY TO RESPOND
TO THEIR
ENVIRONMENT
LIVING THINGS ARE SURROUNDED BY
VARIOUS STIMULI OR EXTERNAL
FACTORS THAT MAY AFFECT THEM.
THEY EXHIBIT IRRITABILITY, THE ABILITY
TO REACT TO VARIOUS WAYS IN ORDER
FOR THEM TO SURVIVE.
ABILITY TO ADAPT
• LIVING THINGS MUST ADAPT TO THEIR ENVIRONMENT IN

ORDER TO SURVIVE.
• ADAPTATIONS ARE SPECIAL FEATURES THAT ALLOW AN
ORGANISM TO LIVE IN A PARTICULAR PLACE OR HABITAT.
• THEY EXHIBIT EITHER BEHAVIORAL OR STRUCTURAL
ADAPTATION.
ABILITY FOR HOMEOSTASIS
• LIVING THINGS HAVE THE ABILITY TO MAINTAIN

CONSTANT OR STABLE INTERNAL CONDITIONS NECESSARY
FOR LIFE.
• FOR EXAMPLE, OUR BODY WORKS LIKE A THERMOSTAT
MAINTAINING A CONSTANT TEMPERATURE, 98.6°F OR
37°C, AT WHICH IT FUNCTIONS OPTIMALLY.
• EXAMPLES OF HOMEOSTASIS INCLUDE THE BODY'S
SELF-REGULATION OF HORMONE AND ACID-BASE
LEVELS, THE COMPOSITION OF BODY FLUIDS, AND
CELL GROWTH AND BODY TEMPERATURES.
CAPACITY TO REPRODUCE AND TRANSMIT
CHARACTERISTICS TO OFFSPRING
• REPRODUCTION IS A PROCESS BY WHICH AN ORGANISM PRODUCES
OFFSPRING OF THE SAME KIND. LIVING THINGS REPRODUCE EITHER
SEXUALLY OR ASEXUALLY.
• REPRODUCTION IS IMPORTANT FOR THE CONTINUITY OF PARTICULAR
SPECIES OF ORGANISM.
A DEFINITE LIFESPAN AND DEVELOPMENT
• ALL LIVING THINGS HAVE A PARTICULAR LIFE SPAN OR A
PERIOD OF EXISTENCE. IT UNDERGOES THE STAGES OF
BIRTH, GROWTH, MATURITY, DECLINE, AND ENDS WITH
DEATH.
• LIFE DOES NOT NECESSARILY MEAN CONTINUOUS
GROWTH. DURING GROWTH, ORGANISMS UNDERGO A
CYCLE OF CHANGES CALLED DEVELOPMENT.
MAXIMUM LIFE SPAN OF SOME PLANTS
AND ANIMALS
THE LONGEST LIVED MAMMAL MAY BE THE

BOWHEAD WHALE, WHICH SOME EVIDENCE
SUGGESTS CAN LIVE TO OVER 200.
BIRDS AND SMALL RODENTS GENERALLY SURVIVE
LONGER IN CAPTIVITY THAN IN THE WILD. THE
LONGEST LIVING FISH IS THE STURGEON; AND THE
GIANT TORTOISE LIVES LONGEST AMONG BOTH
REPTILES AND AMPHIBIANS.
THE LONGEST LIVED ANIMAL OF ALL MAY BE THE
QUAHOG CLAM, WHICH CAN LIVE FOR OVER 400
YEARS.
HEIRARCHY OF LIFE
LEVELS OF BIOLOGICAL ORGANIZATION
• ATOM
• MOLECULE
• MACROMOLECULE
• CELL
• TISSUE
• ORGAN
• ORGAN SYSTEM
• ORGANISM
• POPULATION
• COMMUNITY
• ECOSYSTEM
• BIOME
• BIOSPHERE
ATOM
SMALLEST PART OF AN ELEMENT
PROTONS, NEUTRONS,
ELECTRONS
MOLECULE
SMALLEST PART OF A
COMPOUND WITH UNIQUE
PROPERTIES
MACROMOLECULE
CARBOHYDRATES, LIPIDS,
PROTEINS, NUCLEIC ACIDS
POLYMERS OF BIOLOGICAL
MOLECULES
CELL
SMALLEST UNIT OF ANY LIVING
THING
WHERE LIFE BEGINS!
2 TYPES OF CELL
TISSUE
GROUP OF SIMILAR CELLS PERFORMING A JOB OR FUNCTION
ORGAN
• TISSUES ORGANIZED INTO BRAIN, HEART, LUNGS,
STOMACH, ETC.
ORGAN SYSTEM
• ORGANS WORKING TOGETHER
• CIRCULATORY, DIGESTIVE, ETC
Digestive System
Skeletal System Muscular System
ORGANISM
• INDIVIDUAL LIVING THING
• PERSON, DOG, PLANT, ETC
• UNICELLULAR & MULTICELLULAR
POPULATION
• GROUP OF ONE KIND OF ORGANISM (SPECIES) IN AN
AREA THAT CAN INTERBREED AND MAKE FERTILE
OFFSPRING
• HUMAN
COMMUNITY
• SEVERAL POPULATIONS OF ORGANISMS IN AN AREA
• ANIMALS IN THE ZOO
ECOSYSTEM
• ALL THE LIVING (BIOTIC) AND NONLIVING (ABIOTIC) PARTS
OF AN ENVIRONMENT
BIOME
• LARGE AREAS OF THE WORLD WITH SIMILAR CLIMATES
AND ORGANISMS
• AQUATIC & TERRESTRIAL

BIOSPHERE
EARTH’S ZONE OF AIR, SOIL, AND
WATER THAT IS CAPABLE OF
SUPPORTING LIFE
EDIBLE CELL
PROJECT

I. Introduction To Life Science

Uploaded by

Copyright:

Available Formats

I. Introduction To Life Science

Uploaded by

Document Information

Original Description:

Original Title

Copyright

Available Formats

Share this document

Share or Embed Document

Sharing Options

Did you find this document useful?

Is this content inappropriate?

Copyright:

Available Formats

I. Introduction To Life Science

Uploaded by

Copyright:

Available Formats

I.

• BIOCHEMISTRY STUDY OF STRUCTURE AND FUNCTION OF

• BIOTECHNOLOGY APPLIED SCIENCE THAT IS CONCERNED

• BOTANY SCIENTIFIC STUDY OF PLANTS

• CELL BIOLOGY STUDY OF CELLS AT THE MICROSCOPIC OR

• HELMINTHOLOGY STUDY OF WORMS

• HISTOLOGY STUDY OF TISSUES

• MAMMALOGY STUDY OF MAMMALS

• MORPHOLOGY STUDY OF STRUCTURES AND FORMS OF

• ORNITHOLOGY STUDY OF BIRDS

• PHYSIOLOGY STUDY OF THE FUNCTIONS OF LIVING

• LIVING THINGS MUST ADAPT TO THEIR ENVIRONMENT IN

• LIVING THINGS HAVE THE ABILITY TO MAINTAIN

THE LONGEST LIVED MAMMAL MAY BE THE

• AQUATIC & TERRESTRIAL

You might also like